What is a Classical Language?

Introduction to Classical Languages in India

In 2004, the Indian government initiated the designation of certain languages as “Classical Languages”. This policy aims to acknowledge and preserve their ancient legacy and profound cultural significance.

These languages are considered custodians of India's rich cultural heritage. They represent key historical and cultural milestones for their respective communities across the nation.

Significance of Classical Languages

Classical languages have played a pivotal role in the intellectual and cultural evolution of various regions within India. Their extensive literary and textual bodies offer invaluable insights.

Evolution of Criteria for Designation

The criteria for designating a language as classical have been revised multiple times. Initial criteria were established, and subsequent revisions occurred in 2005 and 2024.

These revisions were based on recommendations from Linguistic Experts Committees (LEC) operating under the aegis of the Sahitya Akademi.

Revised Criteria in 2005

The criteria established in 2005 focused on several key aspects to determine a language's classical status:

• High Antiquity: The language must possess early texts and a recorded history spanning 1,500–2,000 years.
• Ancient Literature: It must have a substantial body of ancient literature or texts. This literature should be considered a valuable heritage by generations of speakers.
• Original Literary Tradition: The language should exhibit an original literary tradition. This means its literary works should not be borrowed or derived significantly from another speech community.
• Distinct Evolution: The classical language and its literature must be distinct from modern forms. There can even be a discontinuity between the classical language and its later forms or offshoots.

Criteria Update in 2024

A significant revision to the criteria for declaring a language as classical occurred in 2024. This update specifically modified one of the existing points.

The new criterion emphasizes a broader range of textual evidence. It now includes “Knowledge texts, especially prose texts in addition to poetry, epigraphical and inscriptional evidence”.

Benefits of Classical Language Status

Languages designated as 'classical' receive various government benefits. These initiatives are primarily aimed at promoting their study, research, and overall preservation.

• International Awards: Two international awards are conferred annually. These awards recognize scholars who have made notable contributions to the research, teaching, or promotion of classical Indian languages.
• Prestigious Recognitions: The awards include the Presidential Award of Certificate of Honour and the Maharshi Badrayan Samman Award.
• UGC Support for Chairs: The University Grants Commission (UGC) actively supports the establishment of Professional Chairs in central universities and research institutions. These chairs are dedicated to focusing on classical Indian languages.
• Center of Excellence: To safeguard and promote these linguistic treasures, the government established the Center of Excellence for Studies in Classical Languages. This center is located at the Central Institute of Indian Languages (CIIL) in Mysore.