What is Jainism

Understanding Jainism: The Path of the Conqueror

The term Jainism originates from the Sanskrit word Jina, which translates to 'conqueror'. This signifies one who has conquered their inner passions and desires, such as attachment, hatred, and anger.

Core Principles: Ahimsa and the Mahavratas

At the heart of Jainism lies the principle of Ahimsa, or non-violence. This tenet is given utmost importance, extending to all forms of life.

Jainism prescribes five great vows, known as Mahavratas, for its adherents to follow:

• Ahimsa (Non-violence): Refraining from causing harm to any living being.
• Satya (Truth): Speaking the truth and being honest in all dealings.
• Asteya or Acharya (Non-stealing): Not taking anything that is not freely given.
• Aparigraha (Non-attachment/Non-possession): Limiting one's possessions and detaching from material things.
• Brahmacharya (Celibacy/Chastity): Abstinence from sensual pleasures, particularly sexual activity.

Significantly, the vow of Brahmacharya was added to the existing four by Mahavira, the 24th and last Tirthankara.

The Three Jewels (Triratna)

The path to spiritual liberation in Jainism is guided by the Triratna, or the three jewels:

• Samyak Darshana (Right Faith): Believing in the truths of Jainism and the Tirthankaras.
• Samyak Gyana (Right Knowledge): Having accurate and complete understanding of Jain philosophy.
• Samyak Charitra (Right Conduct): Living according to the Mahavratas and other ethical principles.

Jain Cosmology and Karma

A fundamental idea in Jainism is the belief that the entire world is animated. This means that even inanimate objects like stones, rocks, and water are believed to possess life.

According to Jain teachings, the cycle of birth and rebirth is directly influenced and shaped by one's karma. Actions, both good and bad, accumulate as karmic particles that cling to the soul.

To achieve the liberation of the soul and free oneself from the cycle of karma, the practices of asceticism and penance are considered essential. These involve rigorous self-discipline and austerity.

Santhara / Sallekhana: Fasting Unto Death

The practice of Santhara (also known as Sallekhana) is a significant ritual within Jainism. It involves the ritual of fasting unto death, undertaken voluntarily by individuals, typically at the end of their life, as a means of purifying the soul.

Sectarian Divisions in Jainism

Over time, Jainism experienced a significant division, leading to the formation of two major sects:

• Shvetambaras (white-clad): This sect developed under the leadership of Sthalabahahu. They traditionally wear white clothes.
• Digambaras (sky-clad): This sect emerged under the leadership of Bhadrabahu. Monks of this sect traditionally practice nudity, symbolizing complete non-possession.