What is Jainism?

Understanding Jainism: The Path of the Conqueror

The term Jaina originates from the Sanskrit word jina, which literally means 'conqueror'. This refers to individuals who have conquered their inner passions and desires, such as attachment, hatred, and ignorance.

A Tirthankara is a Sanskrit word meaning 'ford maker'. In Jain philosophy, a Tirthankara is an enlightened being who has successfully crossed the river of earthly life, guiding others across the perpetual flow of birth and rebirth.

Core Principle: Ahimsa (Non-violence)

Jainism places paramount importance on Ahimsa, or non-violence. This principle extends not only to humans but to all living beings, reflecting a deep respect for life in its myriad forms.

The Five Mahavratas (Great Vows)

Jainism prescribes five great vows, known as Mahavratas, for its ascetics. These vows are central to the ethical conduct required for spiritual progress.

• Ahimsa (Non-violence): Not to cause harm to any living being.
• Satya (Truth): To speak the truth and be honest in all dealings.
• Asteya or Acharya (Non-stealing): Not to take anything that is not freely given.
• Aparigraha (Non-attachment/Non-possession): To limit possessions and detach from worldly desires.
• Brahmacharya (Celibacy/Chastity): To practice sexual restraint.

The Three Jewels (Triratna) of Jainism

The path to liberation in Jainism is encapsulated in its three jewels, or Triratna. These represent the right attitude, knowledge, and conduct necessary for spiritual emancipation.

• Samyak Darshana (Right Faith): Believing in the truths of Jainism and its Tirthankaras.
• Samyak Gyana (Right Knowledge): Having accurate and complete knowledge of Jain philosophy.
• Samyak Charitra (Right Conduct): Following the ethical principles and vows of Jainism.

Sectarian Division: Shvetambaras and Digambaras

Over time, Jainism experienced a significant schism, leading to the formation of two major sects. This division arose primarily due to differing interpretations of monastic practices and rules.

Core Philosophical Tenets

A fundamental idea in Jainism is that the entire world is animated. This means that even seemingly inanimate objects like stones, rocks, and water are believed to possess life and consciousness.

Central to Jain philosophy is the principle of non-injury to living beings. This extends to humans, animals, plants, and even insects, dictating a lifestyle of minimal harm.

According to Jain teachings, the soul's journey through the cycle of birth and rebirth (samsara) is determined by karma. Actions, both good and bad, accumulate karma, which clings to the soul.

To achieve the liberation of the soul (moksha) and free oneself from the cycle of karma, asceticism and intense penance are deemed essential. These practices help shed accumulated karmic particles.

Santhara/Sallekhana: Fasting Unto Death

The practice of Santhara (or Sallekhana) is a significant aspect of Jainism. It is a ritual of fasting unto death, undertaken voluntarily by individuals who feel they have completed their life's purpose or are nearing the end of their natural life.