10 questions from the UPSC 2023 examination.
10 questions
(a) Describe the structure, kinds, chemical nature, origin and functions of lysosomes. (b) Explain multiple alleles and their characteristics. How are they different from pseudoalleles? (c) Describe the procedure, requirements and efficiency level of gene amplification through Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). <!--qid:MAINS_2023_Botany-II_Q4-->
Write short notes on the following in about 150 words each: (a) Cell-cell adhesion mechanism (b) Structure and functions of cytoskeleton (c) Characteristics of triplet codon (d) Crossing over and its significance (e) Correlation, its types and significance <!--qid:MAINS_2023_Botany-II_Q1-->
(a) What are nastic movements, their types and mechanism? Explain. (b) How is the transport of electrons and pumping of protons associated with ATP synthesis in mitochondria? Explain. (c) Why is the conservation of biodiversity important? Discuss the various steps adopted for it by our country. <!--qid:MAINS_2023_Botany-II_Q6-->
(a) Differentiate between polytene chromosomes and normal chromosomes. (b) Describe polygenic inheritance by giving suitable examples. (c) Describe the problems associated with gene transfer in plants. Write a note on the status of transgenic research in India. <!--qid:MAINS_2023_Botany-II_Q2-->
(a) How can the reaction equilibrium and reaction rates be explained by using free energy diagram in a simple enzymatic reaction? (b) Explain the following: (i) Nitrate and nitrite reduction in the leaves of higher plants. (ii) Protection of enzyme nitrogenase against oxygen and hydrogen damage. (c) Comment on the following: (i) Biosphere reserves (ii) Red Data Book <!--qid:MAINS_2023_Botany-II_Q7-->
(a) What are the major requirements for a successful back-crossing programme? Describe its procedure, advantages and limitations. (b) Describe the mechanism involved in membrane transport and vesicular transport. (c) Describe the theory of natural selection and its significance. <!--qid:MAINS_2023_Botany-II_Q3-->
Answer the following questions in about 150 words each: <!--qid:MAINS_2023_Botany-I_Q1-->
Write short notes on the following in about 150 words each: (a) Biological significance of mineral elements in plants (b) Photo-oxidation of water by photosystem II through oxygen-evolving complex (c) Photoperiodic induction and the perception site of photoperiodic stimulus (d) Role of light as a limiting factor in an ecosystem (e) Forests are an important wealth of the country <!--qid:MAINS_2023_Botany-II_Q5-->
(a) (i) How do the three stages in fatty acid oxidation converge to conserve energy as ATP? (ii) What is β-oxidation? Describe various steps in fatty acid oxidation pathway involving saturated fatty acids. (b) Explain the transfer of energy between different trophic levels of an ecosystem. (c) What are the major gaseous pollutants and their sources? Explain the effects of air pollutants on human health. <!--qid:MAINS_2023_Botany-II_Q8-->
Answer the following questions in about 150 words each: <!--qid:MAINS_2023_Botany-I_Q5-->