1Mediummains
Compulsory Language
Translate the following passage into English: <!--qid:MAINS_2023_Compulsory-Sindhi_Q4-->
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94 questions from the UPSC 2023 examination.
94 questions
Translate the following passage into English: <!--qid:MAINS_2023_Compulsory-Sindhi_Q4-->
Translate the following passage into Sindhi: We cannot deny the importance of games in life as games make a person sound in body and mind. Society expects of a person to fulfil all his duties, for which it is important for him to keep healthy. He may be very intelligent, but his intelligence is of no use if he is not healthy. In some ways, the human body is like a machine. If it is not made use of, it starts to work badly. People who are not fit grow weak; they become more prone to disease. Any form of game is useful, if it gives the body an opportunity to take regular physical exercise. Playing encourages the spirit of sportsmanship. It enables one to deal with life’s problems in a wise and natural manner. The important thing in playing is not the winning or the losing, but the participation. We have to remember some other things about playing games. First, it is the physical exercise that is important for health, not the games themselves, and there are other ways of getting this. Is not India the home of yoga? When we think of the phrase — a healthy mind in a healthy body — we should not forget that it is the mind which is mentioned first. And if we let games become the most important thing in our lives, then we undermine the importance of the mind.10d:[" <!--qid:MAINS_2023_Compulsory-Sindhi_Q5-->
Read the following prose passage carefully and answer the questions that follow in simple, clear and concise Kannada. (The prose passage in original Kannada spans pages 2-3.) <!--qid:MAINS_2023_Compulsory-Kannada_Q2-->
Translate the following passage into Tamil: We cannot deny the importance of games in life as games make a person sound in body and mind. Society expects of a person to fulfil all his duties, for which it is important for him to keep healthy. He may be very intelligent, but his intelligence is of no use if he is not healthy. In some ways, the human body is like a machine. If it is not made use of, it starts to work badly. People who are not fit grow weak; they become more prone to disease. Any form of game is useful, if it gives the body an opportunity to take regular physical exercise. Playing encourages the spirit of sportsmanship. It enables one to deal with life’s problems in a wise and natural manner. The important thing in playing is not the winning or the losing, but the participation. We have to remember some other things about playing games. First, it is the physical exercise that is important for health, not the games themselves, and there are other ways of getting this. Is not India the home of yoga? When we think of the phrase — a healthy mind in a healthy body — we should not forget that it is the mind which is mentioned first. And if we let games become the most important thing in our lives, then we undermine the importance of the mind.10e:[" <!--qid:MAINS_2023_Compulsory-Tamil_Q5-->
निम्नलिखित गद्यांशलाई अंग्रेजीमा अनुवाद गर्नुहोस् : समय अमूल्य छ । वास्तवमा समय नै संसारको एक मात्र सीमित वस्तु हो । यदि तपाईंले सम्पत्ति गुमाउनुभयो भने पनि फेरि कमाउन सक्नुहुन्छ । घर गुमाउनुभयो भने फेरि पाउन सक्नुहुन्छ । तर यदि समय गुमाउनुभयो भने तपाईंलाई त्यो समय दोहोर्याएर प्राप्त हुन सक्दैन । यदि हामी जीवनमा केही गर्न, केही बन्नु, केही पाउन चाहन्छौँ भने हामीले समयको सर्वोत्तम उपयोग गर्नु नितान्त अनिवार्य छ । हामी जुन उपलब्धि पाउन चाहन्छौँ ती सबै समयको सदुपयोग गरेर हामी प्राप्त गर्न सक्छौँ । भनिएको छ — “समय नै धन हो” । यद्यपि यो भनाइ पूर्ण रूपमा सत्य होइन । सत्य त यही हो कि समय केवल सम्भावित धन हो । यदि तपाईंले आफ्नो समयको सदुपयोग गर्नुभयो भने तपाईंले धन कमाउन सक्नुहुन्छ । तर यदि तपाईंले आफ्नो समय दुरुपयोग गर्नुभयो भने धन कमाउने सम्भावना हराउँछ । जब तपाईं समयको उपयोगमा सतर्क बन्नुहुन्छ तब समय बर्बाद पनि हुँदैन । तपाईं आफ्नो समयलाई राम्रो उपयोग गर्ने उपाय खोज्न थाल्नुहुन्छ । तपाईं थोरै समयमा धेरै काम गर्ने उपाय खोज्न थाल्नुहुन्छ । यदि तपाईं वर्तमान समय व्यवस्थापन गर्न चाहनुहुन्छ भने तपाईंले चेतन मन मात्र नभएर अवचेतन मनको पनि उपयोग गर्नुहोस् । यसले तपाईंलाई यस्ता नयाँ-नयाँ तरिका देखाउँछ, जसको कारण तपाईं थोरै समयमा अधिक काम गर्ने उपाय खोज्न सफल हुनुहुन्छ ।f8:["$","div","MAINS_2023_Compulsory-Nepali_Q4",{"className":"bg-[#18181f] border border-[#2a2a35] rounded-xl p-5","children":[["$","div",null,{"className":"flex flex-wrap items-center gap-2 mb-2","children":[["$","span",null,{"className":"px-2 py-0.5 bg-[#d4a447]/20 text-[#e8bc5a] text-xs rounded-full","children":["Q",4]}],["$","span",null,{"className":"text-[#6a6a7a] text-xs","children":"Compulsory-Nepali"}],["$","span",null,{"className":"text-[#6a6a7a] text-xs","children":[20,"M"]}],""]}],["$","p",null,{"className":"text-[#f8f6f0] leading-relaxed whitespace-pre-line","children":"$140"}],false]}] f9:["$","div","MAINS_2023_Compulsory-Punjabi_Q4",{"className":"bg-[#18181f] border border-[#2a2a35] rounded-xl p-5","children":[["$","div",null,{"className":"flex flex-wrap items-center gap-2 mb-2","children":[["$","span",null,{"className":"px-2 py-0.5 bg-[#d4a447]/20 text-[#e8bc5a] text-xs rounded-full","children":["Q",4]}],["$","span",null,{"className":"text-[#6a6a7a] text-xs","children":"Compulsory-Punjabi"}],["$","span",null,{"className":"text-[#6a6a7a] text-xs","children":[20,"M"]}],""]}],["$","p",null,{"className":"text-[#f8f6f0] leading-relaxed whitespace-pre-line","children":"Translate the following passage into ENGLISH:"}],["$","div",null,{"className":"ml-4 mt-2 space-y-1","children":[["$","p","passage",{"className":"text-[#9a9aaa] text-sm","children":[["$","span",null,{"className":"text-[#e8bc5a]","children":["(","passage",")"]}]," ","ਸਮਾਂ ਅਮੋਲਕ ਹੈ। ਵਾਸਤਵ ਵਿੱਚ ਸਮਾਂ ਹੀ ਸੰਸਾਰ ਦੀ ਇੱਕ ਮਾਤਰ ਅਸਲੀ ਚੀਜ਼ ਹੈ, ਜੋ ਸਦੀਵੀ ਹੈ। ਜੇਕਰ ਤੁਸੀਂ ਦੌਲਤ ਗਵਾ ਲੈਂਦੇ ਹੋ ਤਾਂ ਦੁਬਾਰਾ ਕਮਾ ਸਕਦੇ ਹੋ। ਪਰ ਜੇਕਰ ਸਮਾਂ ਗਵਾ ਦਿੱਤਾ ਜਾਂ ਤਾਂ ਉਹ ਤੁਹਾਨੂੰ ਦੁਬਾਰਾ ਨਹੀਂ ਮਿਲ ਸਕਦਾ।\n\nਜੇਕਰ ਅਸੀਂ ਜੀਵਨ ਵਿੱਚ ਕੁਝ ਕਰਨਾ, ਕੁਝ ਬਣਨਾ ਜਾਂ ਕੁਝ ਹਾਸਲ ਕਰਨਾ ਚਾਹੁੰਦੇ ਹਾਂ, ਤਾਂ ਇਹ ਜ਼ਰੂਰੀ ਹੈ ਕਿ ਅਸੀਂ ਸਮੇਂ ਦਾ ਸਦ-ਉਪਯੋਗ ਕਰਨਾ ਸਿੱਖ ਲਈਏ। ਸਮੇਂ ਦਾ ਸਦ-ਉਪਯੋਗ ਕਰਕੇ ਅਸੀਂ ਦੁਨੀਆ ਦੀ ਸੰਪੱਦਾ ਕਰ ਸਕਦੇ ਹਾਂ, ਜੋ ਅਸੀਂ ਹਾਸਲ ਕਰਨਾ ਚਾਹੁਂਦੇ ਹਾਂ। ਇਹ ਕਿਹਾ ਜਾਂਦਾ ਹੈ – \"ਸਮਾਂ ਹੀ ਦੌਲਤ ਹੈ!\" ਪ੍ਰਭੂ ਵਾਸਤ <!--qid:MAINS_2023_Compulsory-Nepali_Q4-->
Write a précis of the following passage in about one-third of its length and give it a suitable title. <!--qid:MAINS_2023_Compulsory-Manipuri_Q3-->
Read carefully the passage given below and write your answers to the questions that follow in clear, correct and concise language: It must be emphasised that rights have corresponding duties as well as obligations. The two are correlated. Rights and duties of citizens are two sides of the same coin. The relationship between them is two-fold. Firstly, society functions on the principles of reciprocity. My rights involve a duty, on the part of others to respect my rights and also a duty on my part to respect the similar rights of others. Society works on the principle of, "he who takes gives and he who gives takes". Indeed, my right is a part and parcel of the good of other members of society and, therefore, the degree of my enjoyment of a particular right has to be conceived in terms of the similar claims of other citizens. My right is integrally related to the rights of my fellow human beings. The one cannot exist without the other. A society in which people care less for their own duties and more for their rights, sooner or later, disintegrates. In their frantic effort for the vindication of their own rights at the expense of fellow human beings, society will be reduced to the status of a jungle in which ultimately the law of might will prevail. In order that everyone enjoys his or her rights it is necessary that we recognise our obligations towards others. We cannot say that we shall be free while others will be bound with their obligations. Such a position is quite untenable and inhuman. Secondly, the logic of rights and duties also implies that if we have certain claims against the state, it is also our responsibility to contribute something towards its enrichment by doing a socially useful work. The state creates those conditions in which we can realise ourselves. In return for this, it is our duty to take advantage of these conditions and give our best to it. The best way in which we can contribute to the social stock is by following duties towards our nation, in recognising our social responsibilities and unscrupulously respecting the similar rights of others. One does not contribute only by being a son of a prime minister or a poet but by being oneself. I may not succeed in my life, but if I have given sufficient indications of sincere efforts to make such contribution, as I am capable of, my job is done. It is a duty of every one of us that we must develop our personality so as to be able to contribute our best to society. A citizen should make available valuable judgement on the various issues confronting it. One must pay one's taxes to the state and must refrain from interfering with the similar rights of other members of society. So long as the state helps in fostering a climate conducive to happiness of the individuals, the citizens must also help it in maintaining law and order and must honestly perform their public duties. They should leave no stone unturned for strengthening their own country and if need arises must be prepared to defend it at any cost. These obligations by being reciprocal in character do not impose restrictions on the rights of individuals; rather, they give them fuller and greater reality. To think that my rights can be separated from my duties is to be guilty of gross selfishness. It is only by performing a useful function in society that we contribute towards its enrichment. A state in which citizens care more about their rights, and less about their duties remains in a precarious situation. It would lead first to anarchy and then to its disintegration. In order to preserve my right it is necessary that I must convince my fellow human beings that in granting such a right they would be enabling me to participate in the good of society. I must show, that so far as the society does not secure me this right, it derogates me from the status of a human being and my capacity to make my contribution to social welfare. It is only in the apprehension of this equation between individual's functions and social well-being by the members of society that a true theory of rights can be constructed and society can be built on stable foundations. <!--qid:MAINS_2023_Compulsory-English_Q2-->
નીચેના માંથી કોઈ એક વિષે 600 શબ્દોમાં નિબંધ લખો : (a) ઉપભોક્તાવાદી જીવનશૈલી અને પર્યાવરણ (b) મોબાઇલફોનની દુનિયા (c) ઑનલાઈન શિક્ષણની સવલતાઓ (d) આત્મનિર્ભરતા : એક પડકાર <!--qid:MAINS_2023_Compulsory-Gujarati_Q1-->
निम्नलिखित कुनै एउटा विषयबारे 600 शब्दमा निबन्ध लेख्नुहोस् : (a) उपभोक्तावादी जीवनशैली अनि पर्यावरण (b) मोबाइल फोनको लत (c) अनलाइन शिक्षाका सीमा (d) आतंकवाद : एक चुनौती <!--qid:MAINS_2023_Compulsory-Nepali_Q1-->
Read the following passage carefully and answer the questions that follow, giving brief and precise answers in your own words. (12 × 5 = 60). <!--qid:MAINS_2023_Compulsory-Malayalam_Q2-->
નીચેનાં ગદ્યખંડ ધ્યાનપૂર્વક વાંચી તેને અને આપવામાં આવેલા પ્રશ્નોના સ્પષ્ટ, સચોટ અને સંક્ષિપ્ત ઉત્તર તમારી ભાષામાં લખો : (ગદ્યખંડ – અંદાજે 750 શબ્દો) (a) શ્રમિક કોને કહેવાય છે ? (b) કુલ સ્થાનિક ઉત્પાદનમાં અર્થ શું ? (c) ભારતમાં રોજગારીની સ્થિતિ કેવી છે ? (d) કઈ ક્ષેત્રોમાં સમયસર શ્રમિકોને કામમાં લેવામાં આવતો નથી ? (e) ભારતમાં શ્રમિક સંસ્થાઓની ટકાવારી કેટલી છે ? <!--qid:MAINS_2023_Compulsory-Gujarati_Q2-->
Q6. (a) નીચેનાં મુહાવરાઓનો અર્થ આપો અને વાક્યમાં પ્રયોગ કરો : (i) આજની દળ અને કાલનો હડસો (ii) ઊભે પગે રહેવું (iii) ઇડરિયો ગળ ઝીલવો (iv) ઓળખનું ચોક કરવું (v) યમણી જળ હોવી (b) શબ્દસમૂહ માટે એક શબ્દલેખો : (i) પાપના નિવારણ માટેનું તપ (ii) હૃદય ભેદાનુ આચાર (iii) કાળો-અફળાનું પીણું (iv) આરંભ અને मंगलવાચક શબ્દ (v) પાણી ચાવી શકાય તેવી સાંકડોસરસ્તી <!--qid:MAINS_2023_Compulsory-Gujarati_Q6-->
Translate the following English passage into Assamese: “We cannot deny the importance of games in life as games make a person sound in body and mind. Society expects of a person to fulfil all his duties, for which it is important for him to keep healthy. He may be very intelligent, but his intelligence is of no use if he is not healthy. In some ways, the human body is like a machine. If it is not made use of, it starts to work badly …” <!--qid:MAINS_2023_Compulsory-Assamese_Q5-->
Translate the following English passage into Sanskrit, giving reasons for your renderings: “We cannot deny the importance of games in life as games make a person sound in body and mind. Society expects of a person to fulfil all his duties, for which it is important for him to keep healthy. He may be very intelligent, but his intelligence is of no use if he is not healthy. In some ways, the human body is like a machine. If it is not made use of, it starts to work badly. People who are not fit grow weak; they become more prone to disease. Any form of game is useful, if it gives the body an opportunity to take regular physical exercise. Playing encourages the spirit of sportsmanship. It enables one to deal with life’s problems in a wise and natural manner. The important thing in playing is not the winning or the losing, but the participation. We have to remember some other things about playing games. First, it is the physical exercise that is important for health, not the games themselves, and there are other ways of getting this. Is not India the home of yoga? When we think of the phrase — a healthy mind in a healthy body — we should not forget that it is the mind which is mentioned first. And if we let games become the most important thing in our lives, then we undermine the importance of the mind.”10c:["$"," <!--qid:MAINS_2023_Compulsory-Sanskrit_Q5-->
Translate the following passage from English into Telugu: We cannot deny the importance of games in life as games make a person sound in body and mind. Society expects of a person to fulfil all his duties, for which it is important for him to keep healthy. He may be very intelligent, but his intelligence is of no use if he is not healthy. In some ways, the human body is like a machine. If it is not made use of, it starts to work badly. People who are not fit grow weak; they become more prone to disease. Any form of game is useful, if it gives the body an opportunity to take regular physical exercise. Playing encourages the spirit of sportsmanship. It enables one to deal with life’s problems in a wise and natural manner. The important thing in playing is not the winning or the losing, but the participation. We have to remember some other things about playing games. First, it is the physical exercise that is important for health, not the games themselves, and there are other ways of getting this. Is not India the home of yoga? When we think of the phrase — a healthy mind in a healthy body — we should not forget that it is the mind which is mentioned first. And if we let games become the most important thing in our lives, then we undermine the importance of the mind.10f:[" <!--qid:MAINS_2023_Compulsory-Telugu_Q5-->
Read the following passage carefully and, on its basis, answer the questions given below in clear, correct and concise language. (12 × 5 = 60) Passage: When a farmer works in the fields, he produces raw material for food as well as for industry. Cotton, for example, takes the form of cloth in textile mills, and transport carries goods from one place to another. We know that the total value of all goods and services produced in a country in one year is called its Gross Domestic Product (GDP). We receive money for exports and pay money for imports; the net earnings from this may be positive, negative, or zero. By adding these net earnings we obtain the country’s GDP for that year. All activities that contribute to the national product are called economic activities. All persons engaged in economic activities, whether at a high or a low level, are called workers. Even if some of them fail to work temporarily owing to illness, compulsion, bad weather or social–religious festivals, they are still regarded as workers. Those who help the principal workers are also treated as workers. Generally we think that only those who are paid by an employer are workers, but that is not so; the self-employed are workers as well. Employment in India is of many kinds. Some people find work throughout the year; others get work only for a few months. Most labourers do not receive the proper wages for the work they do. While estimating the number of workers we include, under the category of employed persons, all those engaged in economic activity at any time. In 2011-12 the size of India’s labour force was estimated at about 473 million. Because most of the population lives in rural areas, the proportion of rural labourers is higher than that of urban labourers; of those 473 million workers three-quarters were rural. Men predominate in India’s labour force. In rural areas women constitute one-third of all workers, whereas in towns only 20 percent of women participate. Women cook food, fetch water, plaster mud floors and also work in the fields, but they do not receive wages in cash or grain; in many cases they receive nothing at all. For this reason they are not counted among the workers, although economists insist that these women too should be recognised as workers.d6:["$"," <!--qid:MAINS_2023_Compulsory-Hindi_Q2-->
Translate the following passage into Hindi: (20 marks) We cannot deny the importance of games in life as games make a person sound in body and mind. Society expects of a person to fulfil all his duties, for which it is important for him to keep healthy. He may be very intelligent, but his intelligence is of no use if he is not healthy. In some ways, the human body is like a machine. If it is not made use of, it starts to work badly. People who are not fit grow weak; they become more prone to disease. Any form of game is useful, if it gives the body an opportunity to take regular physical exercise. Playing encourages the spirit of sportsmanship. It enables one to deal with life’s problems in a wise and natural manner. The important thing in playing is not the winning or the losing, but the participation. We have to remember some other things about playing games. First, it is the physical exercise that is important for health, not the games themselves, and there are other ways of getting this. Is not India the home of yoga? When we think of the phrase — a healthy mind in a healthy body — we should not forget that it is the mind which is mentioned first. And if we let games become the most important thing in our lives, then we undermine the importance of the mind.104:[" <!--qid:MAINS_2023_Compulsory-Hindi_Q5-->
Translate the following passage into Malayalam: "We cannot deny the importance of games in life as games make a person sound in body and mind. Society expects of a person to fulfil all his duties, for which it is important for him to keep healthy. He may be very intelligent, but his intelligence is of no use if he is not healthy. In some ways, the human body is like a machine. If it is not made use of, it starts to work badly. People who are not fit grow weak; they become more prone to disease. Any form of game is useful, if it gives the body an opportunity to take regular physical exercise. Playing encourages the spirit of sportsmanship. It enables one to deal with life’s problems in a wise and natural manner. The important thing in playing is not the winning or the losing, but the participation. We have to remember some other things about playing games. First, it is the physical exercise that is important for health, not the games themselves, and there are other ways of getting this. Is not India the home of yoga? When we think of the phrase — a healthy mind in a healthy body — we should not forget that it is the mind which is mentioned first. And if we let games become the most important thing in our lives, then we undermine the importance of the mind."107:[" <!--qid:MAINS_2023_Compulsory-Malayalam_Q5-->
Write an essay in about 600 words on any one of the following topics: (a) Upholding a sustainable lifestyle and the environment (b) Mobile-phone addiction (c) Limitations of on-line education (d) Privacy: a conviction <!--qid:MAINS_2023_Compulsory-Assamese_Q1-->
Read the following passage carefully and, in brief and correct language, answer the questions given below: <!--qid:MAINS_2023_Compulsory-Bengali_Q2-->
Write a precis of the following prose passage in roughly ONE-THIRD of its length. A title is not necessary. Write the precis in your own words: ਸੇ ਸਕਰ, ਜੋ ਸਭ ਤੋਂ ਘੱਟ ਸਮਾਂ ਵਿੱਚ ਆਉਂਦੇ ਹਨ ਆਖ੍ਰਿਯਾਂ ਦਾ ਪੂਰਨਤ ਸਥਾਨ ਤੋਂ ਗਿਆਰਾ ਹੁੰਦਾ ਹੈ, ਉਹ ਸਥਾਨੀਆ ਅਤੇ ਸੰਸਕ੍ਰਿਤਿ । ਉਸ ਸਮੇਂ ਦੀ ਲਕੜਾ ਕਰੇ ਜਦੋਂ ਮੰਮੀ ਸਮਾਨ ਤੇ ਅਸੇ ਅੰਗ ਬਾਰੇ ਨਹੀਂ ਸੇ ਜਾਣਿਆ । ਅੱਜ ਹਰ ਘਰ ਵਿੱਚ ਬਹੁਤ ਬਦਲਾਅ ਹੈ । ਜਿਸ ਆਦਮੀ ਦੇ ਪਹਿਲਾਂ-ਪਹਿਲ ਅੰਗ ਦੀ ਕਦ ਕਦ ਹੋਵੇਦਾ ਉਹ ਕਿੰਨਾ ਵੱਡਾ ਖੇਤੀ ਹੋਵੈਦਾ? ... (567 ਸ਼ਬਦਾਂ ਦਾ ਪੂਰਾ ਪਾਸੇਜ, ਪੇਜ 4 ‘ਤੇ ਛਪਿਆ ਲੰਬਾ ਪੈਰਾ, ਇਥੇ ਜਿਵੇਂ ਦਾ ਤਿਵੇਂ ਦਿਓ) ... <!--qid:MAINS_2023_Compulsory-Punjabi_Q3-->
Prepare a précis of the following passage and supply a suitable title. <!--qid:MAINS_2023_Compulsory-Bodo_Q3-->
Translate the following passage into Bodo: We cannot deny the importance of games in life as games make a person sound in body and mind. Society expects of a person to fulfil all his duties, for which it is important for him to keep healthy. He may be very intelligent, but his intelligence is of no use if he is not healthy. In some ways, the human body is like a machine. If it is not made use of, it starts to work badly. People who are not fit grow weak; they become more prone to disease. Any form of game is useful, if it gives the body an opportunity to take regular physical exercise. Playing encourages the spirit of sportsmanship. It enables one to deal with life’s problems in a wise and natural manner. The important thing in playing is not the winning or the losing, but the participation. We have to remember some other things about playing games. First, it is the physical exercise that is important for health, not the games themselves, and there are other ways of getting this. Is not India the home of yoga? When we think of the phrase — a healthy mind in a healthy body — we should not forget that it is the mind which is mentioned first. And if we let games become the most important thing in our lives, then we undermine the importance of the mind.101:[" <!--qid:MAINS_2023_Compulsory-Bodo_Q5-->
Read the following passage and answer the questions that follow: <!--qid:MAINS_2023_Compulsory-Manipuri_Q2-->
Read carefully the passage given below and answer, in brief and to the point, the questions that follow: [Passage in Assamese on the concepts of production, cost of production, labour inputs, rural employment, gender composition of workers, and national income accounting – approximately 473 words] (a) What is the total annual value of production? (b) Define the term ‘cost of production’. (c) What is the nature of India’s natural resources? (d) Why is the share of women workers said to be low? (e) Relate the size of India’s labour force to the total population. <!--qid:MAINS_2023_Compulsory-Assamese_Q2-->
Summarise the following prose passage in your own words, give a suitable title, and present the summary in your own language. <!--qid:MAINS_2023_Compulsory-Malayalam_Q3-->
નીચેનાં ગદ્યખંડનું સંક્ષેપીકરણ લખો – મૂળ ગદ્યખંડનાં લગભગ એક‐તૃતિયાંશ શબ્દોમાં, તમારા શબ્દોમાં; શીર્ષક આપવાની જરૂર નથી. <!--qid:MAINS_2023_Compulsory-Gujarati_Q3-->
निम्नलिखित अनुच्छेदको सारांश लगभग एक-तिहाइ शब्दमा लेख्नुहोस् । यसको शीर्षक लेख्न आवश्यक छैन । सारांश आफ्नै शब्दमा लेख्नुहोस् : जुन शब्दको अर्थ चारै बुद्धिद्वारा उपयोग पनि धेरै मानामा हुन्छ, त्यस्ता दुईटा शब्द हुन् – सभ्यता र संस्कृति । त्यस समयलाई कल्पना गर्नुहोस् जब मानव समाजले अति देवताको साक्षात्कार गरेको थिएन । आज घर-घरमा ठूलो बत्ती जलेको छ । जुन व्यक्तिले पहिलो आगोको आविष्कार गरेको होला, त्यो कति ठूलो आविष्कार होला । अथवा कल्पना गर्नुहोस् त्यस समयलाई जब मानिस गुफा-धामेसँग परिचित थिएन । जुन व्यक्तिले एउटा फलामको टुक्रालाई टिकाएको रूप दियो होला, त्यो व्यक्ति कति ठूलो आविष्कारक थियो होला । यी दुवै उदाहरणलाई विचार गर्नुहोस्; पहिलो उदाहरणसँग दुइटा विषय छन् : पहिलो, एउटा व्यक्ति विशेषमा आगो बनाउने शक्ति-सामर्थ्य छ अनि दोस्रो, आगोको आविष्कार । सियो-धागोको उदाहरणमा पनि यस्तो कुरा छ; पहिलो सियो-धागो आविष्कार गर्ने शक्ति र दोस्रो भयो सियो-धागोको आविष्कार । जुन योग्यता, प्रवृत्ति अथवा प्रेरणाले आगो र सियो-धागोको आविष्कार गरायो, त्यो नै व्यक्ति विशेषको ‘संस्कृति’ हो; र जब संस्कृतिद्वारा नै भएको त्यो आविष्कार सभ्यतामा परिणत हुन्छ, त्यसको नाम हो ‘सभ्यता’ । एक जना सु-संस्कृत व्यक्ति हुने बित्तिकै नयाँ विषयको खोज गर्छ; उसका सन्तानले ती खोज पूर्ववत् सहजै पाउँछन् । सु-संस्कृत व्यक्ति बुद्धि अथवा विवेकवान् हुन्छ; ऊ नयाँ तथ्यको अध्ययन गर्छ । उसका सन्तानले पनि ती वस्तुहरू पाउँछन् । उनीहरू पूर्ववर्ती भए पनि सु-संस्कृत कहलिन्छन् । आधुनिक उदाहरण हेरौं : न्यूटनले गुरुत्वाकर्षण सिद्धान्तको आविष्कार गरे । उनी सु-संस्कृत मान्छे थिए । आजका भौतिक-विज्ञानका विद्यार्थी गुरुत्वाकर्षण सिद्धान्तसँग परिचित छन्, तर उनीहरूले अन्य धेरै विषयको ज्ञान प्राप्त गरेका छन्, जसबाट सम्भवत: न्यूटन अछूतो नै रहेकथिए । यसरी पनि आजका विद्यार्थीहरू न्यूटनभन्दा सभ्य बन्न सक्छन्, तर न्यूटन जतिको सु-संस्कृत बन्न सक्दैनन् । आगोलाई आविष्कार गर्नुको कारण मानवको थियो । सियो-धागोको आविष्कार पनि सायद शीतोष्णताबाट जोगिन तथा शारीरिक सजावट प्रकृतिले प्रेरित भएर भयो । कल्पना गर्नुहोस्: त्यो व्यक्ति जसको भुँडी भरिएको छ, जसको शरीर ढाकिएको छ; तर जब खुला आकाशमुनि ताराहरू टल्किरहेकाछन्, उसको निद्रा त पक्कै भाग्छ, किनकि ती तारालाई बुझ्न उसले विचार गर्नुपर्छ । भुँडी भराउनु र शरीर ढाक्नु मुख्यत: संस्कृति जन्मने आधार हो । तर यो मान्छे यदि सु-संस्कृत छ भने अझै अगाडि बढ्नेछ । अहिलेको सभ्यताका केही अंश हामीलाई त्यस्ता ऋषिमुनिबाट प्राप्त भएका छन्, जसले भौतिक प्रेरणाभन्दा पर जान प्रेरणा दिए । रातका तारा हेरिरहनु भएका ऋषिमुनि हाम्रा आजका ज्ञानका प्रथम प्रतिपादक थिए । (४३५ शब्द)e9:["$","div","MAINS_2023_Compulsory-Nepali_Q3",{"className":"bg-[#18181f] border border-[#2a2a35] rounded-xl p-5","children":[["$","div",null,{"className":"flex flex-wrap items-center gap-2 mb-2","children":[["$","span",null,{"className":"px-2 py-0.5 bg-[#d4a447]/20 text-[#e8bc5a] text-xs rounded-full","children":["Q",3]}],["$","span",null,{"className":"text-[#6a6a7a] text-xs","children":"Compulsory-Nepali"}],["$","span",null,{"className":"text-[#6a6a7a] text-xs","children":[60,"M"]}],""]}],["$","p",null,{"className":"text-[#f8f6f0] leading-relaxed whitespace-pre-line","children":"$13e"}],false]}] ea:["$","div","MAINS_2023_Compulsory-Punjabi_Q3",{"className":"bg-[#18181f] border border-[#2a2a35] rounded-xl p-5","children":[["$","div",null,{"className":"flex flex-wrap items-center gap-2 mb-2","children":[["$","span",null,{"className":"px-2 py-0.5 bg-[#d4a447]/20 text-[#e8bc5a] text-xs rounded-full","children":["Q",3]}],["$","span",null,{"className":"text-[#6a6a7a] text-xs","children":"Compulsory-Punjabi"}],["$","span",null,{"className":"text-[#6a6a7a] text-xs","children":[60,"M"]}],""]}],["$","p",null,{"className":"text-[#f8f6f0] leading-relaxed whitespace-pre-line","children":"Write a precis of the following prose passage in roughly ONE-THIRD of its length. A title is not necessary. Write the precis in your own words:"}],["$","div",null,{"className":"ml-4 mt-2 space-y-1","children":[["$","p","passage",{"className":"text-[#9a9aaa] text-sm","children":[["$","span",null,{"className":"text-[#e8bc5a]","children":["(","passage",")"]}]," ","ਸੇ ਸਕਰ, ਜੋ ਸਭ ਤੋਂ ਘੱਟ ਸਮਾਂ ਵਿੱਚ ਆਉਂਦੇ ਹਨ ਆਖ੍ਰਿਯਾਂ ਦਾ ਪੂਰਨਤ ਸਥਾਨ ਤੋਂ ਗਿਆਰਾ ਹੁੰਦਾ ਹੈ, ਉਹ ਸਥਾਨੀਆ ਅਤੇ ਸੰਸਕ੍ਰਿਤਿ । ਉਸ ਸਮੇਂ ਦੀ ਲਕੜਾ ਕਰੇ ਜਦੋਂ ਮੰਮੀ ਸਮਾਨ ਤੇ ਅਸੇ ਅੰਗ ਬਾਰੇ ਨਹੀਂ ਸੇ ਜਾਣਿਆ । ਅੱਜ ਹਰ ਘਰ ਵਿੱਚ ਬਹੁਤ ਬਦਲਾਅ ਹੈ । ਜਿਸ ਆਦਮੀ ਦੇ ਪਹਿਲਾਂ-ਪਹਿਲ ਅੰਗ ਦੀ ਕਦ ਕਦ ਹੋਵੇਦਾ ਉਹ ਕਿੰਨਾ ਵੱਡਾ ਖੇਤੀ ਹੋਵੈਦਾ? ... (567 ਸ਼ਬਦਾਂ ਦਾ ਪੂਰਾ ਪਾਸੇਜ, ਪੇਜ 4 ‘ਤੇ ਛਪਿਆ ਲੰਬਾ ਪੈਰਾ, ਇਥੇ ਜਿਵੇਂ ਦਾ ਤਿਵੇਂ ਦਿਓ) ...",""]}]]}]]}] eb:["$","div","MAINS_2023_Compulsory-Sanskrit_Q3",{"className":"bg-[#18181f] border border-[#2a2a35] rounded-xl p-5","children":[["$","div",null,{"className":"flex flex-wrap items-center gap-2 mb-2","children":[["$","span",null,{"className":"px-2 py-0.5 bg-[#d4a447]/20 text-[#e8bc5a] text-xs rounded-full","children":["Q",3]}],["$","span",null,{"className":"text-[#6a6a7a] text-xs","children":"Compulsory-Sanskrit"}],["$","span",null,{"className":"text-[#6a6a7a] text-xs","children":[60,"M"]}],""]}],["$","p",null,{"className":"text-[#f8f6f0] leading-relaxed whitespace-pre-line","children":"Summarise the following passage in about one-third of its length and give it a suitable title. Write the summary in Sanskrit."}],false]}] 13f:T1278,கீழ்க்காணும் பகுதியை அதன் அளவில் மூன்றில் ஒரு பங்கு அளவில் சுருக்கி, உங்கள் சொந்த நடையில் எழுதுக. தலைப்புக் தேவையில்லை. (60 மதிப்பெண்கள்) நாகரம், பண்டைய ஆசிய இரண்டே சொற்களும் அதிகம் பயன்படுத்தக்கூடிய சொற்களாக இருக்கின்றன. ஆனால் அவை மிகவும் குறைவாகவே புரிந்து-கொள்ளப்பட்ட சொற்களாகவும் இருக்கின்றன. மனித சமுதாயம் நெருப்பைப் பற்றி அறியாத காலத்தை நினைத்துப் பாருங்கள். இன்று ஒவ்வொரு வீட்டிலும் சமையறையில் நெருப்பைப் பயன்படுத்துகின்றனர். முதன் முதலில் நெருப்பைக் கண்டுபிடித்த மனிதன் ஒரு சிறந்த கண்டுபிடிப்பாளராக இருந்திருக்க வேண்டும். மனிதனுக்கு ஊசி மற்றும் நூல் அறிமுகப்படுத்தப்படாத காலத்தை கற்பனை செய்து பாருங்கள். இன்பம், துணி — அனைத்தும் ஊசியின் வழி வந்தவை. இந்த இரண்டு ஊடகங்களைக் கருத்தில் கொள்ள வேண்டும். முதல் ஊடகத்தில் இரண்டு செயல்கள் உள்ளன: (1) நெருப்பைக் கண்டுபிடித்த ஒரு குறித்த மனிதனின் சக்தி, (2) நெருப்பின் கண்டுபிடிப்பு. அதுபோல் இரண்டாவது ஊடகத்தில் ஊசி-நூல் ஆகியவை உள்ளன. நெருப்பும் ஊசியும் மனிதச் செவ்வியத்தை மாற்றிய முக்கிய கண்டுபிடிப்புகள். பட்டயத்தின் பின்னணியில் ஒரு குறிப்பிடத்தகுந்த நாட்டின் திறன், போக்கு, உத்தேவக உச்சரிப்பு ஆகியவை உள்ளன. அவற்றின் கூட்டு விளைவாக உருவாகும் அமைப்பே ‘நாகரம்’ என அழைக்கப்படுகிறது. பண்புடை மனிதன் புதிதாக ஒன்றைக் கண <!--qid:MAINS_2023_Compulsory-Nepali_Q3-->
Write an essay of about 600 words on any ONE of the following topics: <!--qid:MAINS_2023_Compulsory-Bengali_Q1-->
Answer the following: <!--qid:MAINS_2023_Compulsory-English_Q4-->
ఈ క్రింది ప్రసంగ విభాగాన్ని మీ స్వంత మాటల్లో మూడో వంతు పరిమాణానికి సంక్షిప్త పలుకరించండి. సంక్షిప్త రచనను మీ స్వంత మాటల్లో తయారుచేయండి : <!--qid:MAINS_2023_Compulsory-Telugu_Q3-->
Write an essay in about 600 words on any one of the following topics: (a) OTT and the future of Multiplexes (b) Global warming in an unequal world (c) Social media and the marketing of the self (d) Happiness is a state of mind <!--qid:MAINS_2023_Compulsory-English_Q1-->
Write a concise speech in your own words (in Urdu) based on the following passage. You do not have to assign any title. <!--qid:MAINS_2023_Compulsory-Urdu_Q3-->
Translate the following Manipuri passage into English: <!--qid:MAINS_2023_Compulsory-Manipuri_Q4-->
Explain the meanings of the following idioms and use each of them in sentences: 2 × 5 = 10 आँखें बिछाना [2M] ज़हर का घूँट पीना [2M] चाँदी का जूता [2M] नाक का बाल होना [2M] सिर पर सवार होना [2M] <!--qid:MAINS_2023_Compulsory-Hindi_Q6-->
ఈ క్రింది అంశాలలో ఏదైనా ఒకదానిని గురించిన సుమారు ఆరు వందల (600) పదాలలో వ్యాసరచన చేయండి : <!--qid:MAINS_2023_Compulsory-Telugu_Q1-->
Q6. (a) (i) तलका कुनै पाँचवटा शब्दको समि-विच्छेद गर्नुहोस् : विद्यालय; महोत्सव; सेवक; इत्यादि; उच्चारण; परमार्थ; देवेन्द्र (ii) तलका कुनै पाँचवटा शब्दका दुई-दुईवटा अनेकार्थक शब्द लेख्नुहोस् : पक; साँचो; जाल; वर; मान; उत्तर; मास (b) (i) तलका कुनै पाँचवटा शब्दको विपरितार्थक शब्द लेख्नुहोस् : अर्ध; उत्थान; तल; भत्र; सजीव; मित्र; रोगी (ii) तलका पाँचवटा पदको समास-विग्रह गर्नुहोस् : शोकाकुल; राजभवन; वनवास; लघुपति; शरबन्ध; नीलकमल; सामीप तलका कुनै पाँचवटा शब्दको समि-विच्छेद गर्नुहोस् : विद्यालय; महोत्सव; सेवक; इत्यादि; उच्चारण; परमार्थ; देवेन्द्र [5M] तलका कुनै पाँचवटा शब्दका दुई-दुईवटा अनेकार्थक शब्द लेख्नुहोस् : पक; साँचो; जाल; वर; मान; उत्तर; मास [5M] तलका कुनै पाँचवटा शब्दको विपरितार्थक शब्द लेख्नुहोस् : अर्ध; उत्थान; तल; भत्र; सजीव; मित्र; रोगी [5M] तलका पाँचवटा पदको समास-विग्रह गर्नुहोस् : शोकाकुल; राजभवन; वनवास; लघुपति; शरबन्ध; नीलकमल; सामीप [5M] <!--qid:MAINS_2023_Compulsory-Nepali_Q6-->
Translate the following passage into English: காலம் விலை மதிப்பற்றது. உண்மையில் உலகில் காலம் மட்டுமே வணகுறப்படாததாகும். செலவதற்க இன்றால் மீண்டும் சம்பாதித்து கொள்ளலாம். வீட்டை இன்றால் அதை மீண்டும் பெறலாம். ஆனால் நேரத்தை இன்றால் அதை மீண்டும் பெற முடியாது. நாம் வாழ்க்கையில் ஏதாவது செய்ய விரும்பினால், எதையாவது சாதிக்க விரும்பினால் நேரத்தை சிறந்த முறையில் பயன்படுத்திக் கற்றுக் கொள்வது அவசியமாகும். நேரத்தை சரியாகப் பயன்படுத்துவதன் மூலம் நாம் அதை விரும்பும் அனைத்தையும் அடைய முடியும். "நேரம் பணம்" என்று கூறப்படுகிறது. ஆனால் இந்தக் கூற்று முற்றிலும் உண்மையானதல்ல. உண்மையில் நேரம் மட்டுமே சாத்தியமான செலவாகும். நேரத்தைச் சரியாகப் பயன்படுத்தினால் மட்டுமே செலவுகளைச் சம்பாதிக்கவும் சேமிக்கவும் முடியும். மறுபடியும் நீங்கள் உங்கள் நேரத்தை தவறாகப் பயன்படுத்தினால், நீங்கள் செலவுகளைச் சேமிக்கும் – சம்பாதிக்கும் வாய்ப்பை இழக்கிறீர்கள்; நேரத்தைச் சரியாகப் பயன்படுத்துவதில் எச்சரிக்கையாக இருந்தால், நீங்கள் நேரத்தை வீணடிப்பதை நிறுத்தி விடுவீர்கள்; நேரத்தைச் சிறப்பாகப் பயன்படுத்துவதற்கான வழிகளைத் தேடத் தொடங்குவீர்கள்; குறைந்த நேரத்தில் அதிக வேலைகளைச் செய்வதற்கான வழிகளைத் தேடத் தொடங்குவீர்கள். நீங்கள் உண்மையிலேயே நேரத்தை முழுமையாகச் சேர்த்துச் செலவழிக்க விரும்பினால், உங்கள் நல்ல மனதை மட்டுமல்ல நல்லிணை மனத்தையும் பயன்படுத்த வேண்டும். அது மட்டுமே குறைந்த நேரத்தில் அதிக வேலைகளைச் செய்வதற்கான வழிகளை கண்டுபிடிப்பதில் நீங்கள் வெற்றிபெறக்கூடிய புதிய வழியினை உங்களுக்கு சொல்வும்.fc:["$","div","MAINS_2023_Compulsory-Tamil_Q4",{"className":"bg-[#18181f] border border-[#2a2a35] rounded-xl p-5","children":[["$","div",null,{"className":"flex flex-wrap items-center gap-2 mb-2","children":[["$","span",null,{"className":"px-2 py-0.5 bg-[#d4a447]/20 text-[#e8bc5a] text-xs rounded-full","children":["Q",4]}],["$","span",null,{"className":"text-[#6a6a7a] text-xs","children":"Compulsory-Tamil"}],["$","span",null,{"className":"text-[#6a6a7a] text-xs","children":[20,"M"]}],""]}],["$","p",null,{"className":"text-[#f8f6f0] leading-relaxed whitespace-pre-line","children":"$141"}],false]}] fd:["$","div","MAINS_2023_Compulsory-Telugu_Q4",{"className":"bg-[#18181f] border border-[#2a2a35] rounded-xl p-5","children":[["$","div",null,{"className":"flex flex-wrap items-center gap-2 mb-2","children":[["$","span",null,{"className":"px-2 py-0.5 bg-[#d4a447]/20 text-[#e8bc5a] text-xs rounded-full","children":["Q",4]}],["$","span",null,{"className":"text-[#6a6a7a] text-xs","children":"Compulsory-Telugu"}],["$","span",null,{"className":"text-[#6a6a7a] text-xs","children":[20,"M"]}],""]}],["$","p",null,{"className":"text-[#f8f6f0] leading-relaxed whitespace-pre-line","children":"ఈ క్రింది తెలుగు వచనాన్ని ఆంగ్లంలోకి అనువదించండి :"}],false]}] fe:["$","div","MAINS_2023_Compulsory-Urdu_Q4",{"className":"bg-[#18181f] border border-[#2a2a35] rounded-xl p-5","children":[["$","div",null,{"className":"flex flex-wrap items-center gap-2 mb-2","children":[["$","span",null,{"className":"px-2 py-0.5 bg-[#d4a447]/20 text-[#e8bc5a] text-xs rounded-full","children":["Q",4]}],["$","span",null,{"className":"text-[#6a6a7a] text-xs","children":"Compulsory-Urdu"}],["$","span",null,{"className":"text-[#6a6a7a] text-xs","children":[20,"M"]}],""]}],["$","p",null,{"className":"text-[#f8f6f0] leading-relaxed whitespace-pre-line","children":"Translate the following paragraph into English."}],false]}] ff:["$","div","MAINS_2023_Compulsory-Assamese_Q5",{"className":"bg-[#18181f] border border-[#2a2a35] rounded-xl p-5","children":[["$","div",null,{"className":"flex flex-wrap items-center gap-2 mb-2","children":[["$","span",null,{"className":"px-2 py-0.5 bg-[#d4a447]/20 text-[#e8bc5a] text-xs rounded-full","children":["Q",5]}],["$","span",null,{"className":"text-[#6a6a7a] text-xs","children":"Compulsory-Assamese"}],[ <!--qid:MAINS_2023_Compulsory-Tamil_Q4-->
નીચેનાં ગદ્યખંડનો અંગ્રેજીમાં અનુવાદ કરો : <!--qid:MAINS_2023_Compulsory-Gujarati_Q4-->
Rewrite the following sentences as directed without changing the meaning: Few students knew the answer ______ ? (Add a tag question) [1M] The problem is very complex. It cannot be solved easily. (Combine the sentences using ‘too – to’) [1M] He lost his purse. He lost his bicycle. (Combine the sentences using ‘not only – but also’) [1M] The teacher said, “something is better than nothing.” (Change into indirect speech) [1M] Somebody stole my laptop. (Change into passive voice) [1M] He ran very fast. He did not want to miss the last train. (Rewrite the sentence using ‘so as’) [1M] Physics is the most interesting of all subjects I study. (Rewrite the sentence using comparative degree) [1M] My friend does not drink. He does not smoke. (Combine the sentences using ‘neither – nor’) [1M] Work hard. You will not succeed in life. (Rewrite the sentence using ‘unless’) [1M] I have some duties. I must perform them. (Rewrite the sentence using an infinitive) [1M] <!--qid:MAINS_2023_Compulsory-English_Q5-->
Write an essay of about 600 words on ANY ONE of the following topics: (a) Consumerist lifestyle and the environment (b) Addiction to mobile phones (c) Limitations of online education (d) Terrorism: a challenge <!--qid:MAINS_2023_Compulsory-Hindi_Q1-->
Translate the following passage into PUNJABI: We cannot deny the importance of games in life as games make a person sound in body and mind. Society expects of a person to fulfil all his duties, for which it is important for him to keep healthy. He may be very intelligent, but his intelligence is of no use if he is not healthy. In some ways, the human body is like a machine. If it is not made use of, it starts to work badly. People who are not fit grow weak; they become more prone to disease. Any form of game is useful, if it gives the body an opportunity to take regular physical exercise. Playing encourages the spirit of sportsmanship. It enables one to deal with life’s problems in a wise and natural manner. The important thing in playing is not the winning or the losing, but the participation. We have to remember some other things about playing games. First, it is the physical exercise that is important for health, not the games themselves, and there are other ways of getting this. Is not India the home of yoga? When we think of the phrase — a healthy mind in a healthy body — we should not forget that it is the mind which is mentioned first. And if we let games become the most important thing in our lives, then we undermine the importance of the mind.10b:[" <!--qid:MAINS_2023_Compulsory-Punjabi_Q5-->
Make a précis of the following passage in about one-third of its length. Do not give a title to it. The précis should be written in your own words: Like all the sins except pride, anger is perversion, caused by pride, of something in our nature which in itself is innocent, necessary to our own existence and good. Thus, while everyone is proud in the same way; each of us is angry or lustful or envious in his own way. Natural, or innocent, anger is the necessary reaction of a creature when its survival is threatened by the attack of another creature and it cannot save itself (or its offspring) by flight. Such anger, accompanied by physiological changes, like increased secretion of adrenalin, inhibits fear so that the attacked creature is able to resist the threat to its extinction. In the case of young creatures that are not capable of looking after themselves, anger is a necessary emotion when their needs are neglected: a hungry baby does right to scream. Natural anger is a reflex reaction, not a voluntary one; it is a response to a real situation of threat and danger, and as soon as the threat is removed, the anger subsides. No animal lets the sun go down upon its wrath. Anger, even when it is sinful, has one virtue; it overcomes sloth. Anybody, like a schoolmaster, a stage director or an orchestral conductor, whose business it is to teach others to do something, knows that, on occasions, the quickest — perhaps the only — way to get those under him to do their best is to make them angry. Anger as a sin is either futile (the situation in which one finds oneself cannot or should not be changed, but must be accepted) or unnecessary (the situation could be mastered as well or better without it). Man is potentially capable of the sin of anger because he is endowed with memory — the experience of an event persists — and with the faculty of symbolization (to him, no object or event is simply itself). He becomes actually guilty of anger because he is first of all guilty of the sin of pride, of which anger is one of many possible manifestations. Because every human being sees the world from a unique perspective, he can, and does, choose to regard himself as its centre. The sin of anger is one of our reactions to any threat, not to our existence, but to our fancy that our existence is more important than the existence of anybody or anything else. None of us wishes to be omnipotent, because the desires of each are limited. We are glad that other things and people exist with their own ways of behaving — life would be very dull if they didn't — so long as they do not thwart our own. Similarly, we do not want others to conform with our wishes because they must — life would be very lonely if they did — but because they choose to; we want ‘devoted’ slaves. The middle class culture in which I grew up strongly discouraged overt physical expression of anger; it was far more permissive, for example, towards gluttony, lust and avarice. In consequence, I cannot now remember ‘losing’ my temper so that I was beside myself and barely knew what I was doing. Since childhood, at least, I have never physically assaulted anyone, thrown things or chewed the carpet. (I do, now and again, slam doors.) Nor have I often seen other people do these things. In considering anger, therefore, most of my facts are derived from introspection and may not be valid for others, or from literature, in which human has to be subordinated to dramatic effect. In my own case — I must leave the psychological explanation to professionals — my anger is more easily aroused by things and impersonal events than by other people. I don't, I believe, expect others to do what I wish and am seldom angry when they don't. I do not mind losing at cards if the other players are more skilful than I; but, if I cannot help losing because I have been dealt a poor hand, I get furious. If traffic lights fail to change obligingly to red when I wish to cross the road, I am angry; if I enter a restaurant and it is crowded, I am angry. My anger, that is to say, is most easily aroused by a situation which is (a) not to my liking, (b) one I know I cannot change and (c) one for which I can hold no human individual responsible. This last condition is the most decisive. I like others to be on time and hate to be kept waiting, but if someone deliberately keeps me waiting because, say, he is annoyed with me or wishes to impress me with his importance, I am far less angry than I am if I know him to be unpunctual by nature. In the first case, I feel I must be partly responsible — if I had behaved otherwise in the past, he would not have kept me waiting; and I feel hopeful — perhaps I can act in the future in such a way that our relationship will change and he will be punctual next time. In the second case, I know that it is in his nature to be late for others, irrespective of their relationship, so that, in order to be on time, he would have to become another person.e3:["$","div","MAINS_2023_Compulso <!--qid:MAINS_2023_Compulsory-English_Q3-->
Choose ANY ONE of the following topics and write an essay of about 600 words in MALAYALAM script: (a) Consumer lifestyle and the environment (b) Growing dependence on mobile phones (c) The impact of online education (d) Coastal migration: a challenge <!--qid:MAINS_2023_Compulsory-Malayalam_Q1-->
Explain the meaning of the following idioms/proverbs: ઘેર ઘેર માટીના સૂલા [2M] જેવી દમન તેવો ભક્ત [2M] દુંગરા દૂરથી રેશમાણા [2M] પ્રભુ પારકા તો વેરી આંધળી [2M] ભાંગુ ભાંગુ તોય ભવ્ય [2M] <!--qid:MAINS_2023_Compulsory-Gujarati_Q7-->
Translate the following passage into Manipuri: We cannot deny the importance of games in life as games make a person sound in body and mind. Society expects of a person to fulfil all his duties, for which it is important for him to keep healthy. He may be very intelligent, but his intelligence is of no use if he is not healthy. In some ways, the human body is like a machine. If it is not made use of, it starts to work badly. People who are not fit grow weak; they become more prone to disease. Any form of game is useful, if it gives the body an opportunity to take regular physical exercise. Playing encourages the spirit of sportsmanship. It enables one to deal with life’s problems in a wise and natural manner. The important thing in playing is not the winning or the losing, but the participation. We have to remember some other things about playing games. First, it is the physical exercise that is important for health, not the games themselves, and there are other ways of getting this. Is not India the home of yoga? When we think of the phrase — a healthy mind in a healthy body — we should not forget that it is the mind which is mentioned first. And if we let games become the most important thing in our lives, then we undermine the importance of the mind.108:[" <!--qid:MAINS_2023_Compulsory-Manipuri_Q5-->
Translate the following Bengali passage into English. <!--qid:MAINS_2023_Compulsory-Bengali_Q4-->
Answer the following as directed: <!--qid:MAINS_2023_Compulsory-Telugu_Q6-->
Write a summary of the following passage in your own words, in about one-third of its length. No title is required. <!--qid:MAINS_2023_Compulsory-Bengali_Q3-->
Write an essay of about 600 words on ANY ONE of the following topics: (a) Increasing population and environment (b) Addiction to mobile phones (c) Modern sports and their challenges (d) Security lapse: an analysis <!--qid:MAINS_2023_Compulsory-Kannada_Q1-->
Carefully read the following passage and, in clear and grammatical Sanskrit, answer the questions given below in the order asked. <!--qid:MAINS_2023_Compulsory-Sanskrit_Q2-->
ఈ క్రింది గద్య భాగాన్ని జాగ్రత్తగా చదివి, దిగువ ఇచ్చిన ప్రశ్నలకు సరైన సమాధానాలను స్వచ్చంగా వ్రాయండి (Passage provided in the paper). <!--qid:MAINS_2023_Compulsory-Telugu_Q2-->
Translate the following Sanskrit passage into English, giving reasons for your renderings. <!--qid:MAINS_2023_Compulsory-Sanskrit_Q4-->
Write an essay in SANSKRIT of about 600 words on any ONE of the following topics: <!--qid:MAINS_2023_Compulsory-Sanskrit_Q1-->
Translate the following passage into ENGLISH: ਸਮਾਂ ਅਮੋਲਕ ਹੈ। ਵਾਸਤਵ ਵਿੱਚ ਸਮਾਂ ਹੀ ਸੰਸਾਰ ਦੀ ਇੱਕ ਮਾਤਰ ਅਸਲੀ ਚੀਜ਼ ਹੈ, ਜੋ ਸਦੀਵੀ ਹੈ। ਜੇਕਰ ਤੁਸੀਂ ਦੌਲਤ ਗਵਾ ਲੈਂਦੇ ਹੋ ਤਾਂ ਦੁਬਾਰਾ ਕਮਾ ਸਕਦੇ ਹੋ। ਪਰ ਜੇਕਰ ਸਮਾਂ ਗਵਾ ਦਿੱਤਾ ਜਾਂ ਤਾਂ ਉਹ ਤੁਹਾਨੂੰ ਦੁਬਾਰਾ ਨਹੀਂ ਮਿਲ ਸਕਦਾ। ਜੇਕਰ ਅਸੀਂ ਜੀਵਨ ਵਿੱਚ ਕੁਝ ਕਰਨਾ, ਕੁਝ ਬਣਨਾ ਜਾਂ ਕੁਝ ਹਾਸਲ ਕਰਨਾ ਚਾਹੁੰਦੇ ਹਾਂ, ਤਾਂ ਇਹ ਜ਼ਰੂਰੀ ਹੈ ਕਿ ਅਸੀਂ ਸਮੇਂ ਦਾ ਸਦ-ਉਪਯੋਗ ਕਰਨਾ ਸਿੱਖ ਲਈਏ। ਸਮੇਂ ਦਾ ਸਦ-ਉਪਯੋਗ ਕਰਕੇ ਅਸੀਂ ਦੁਨੀਆ ਦੀ ਸੰਪੱਦਾ ਕਰ ਸਕਦੇ ਹਾਂ, ਜੋ ਅਸੀਂ ਹਾਸਲ ਕਰਨਾ ਚਾਹੁਂਦੇ ਹਾਂ। ਇਹ ਕਿਹਾ ਜਾਂਦਾ ਹੈ – "ਸਮਾਂ ਹੀ ਦੌਲਤ ਹੈ!" ਪ੍ਰਭੂ ਵਾਸਤਵ ਕੁਝ ਰਿਜ਼ਕੀਆਂ ਤੋਂ ਮਿਹਰਬਾਨ ਹੈ ਜਿਸ ਅਤੇ ਤੂੰ ਡਖਾ ਦਿਸਕੇ ਹੋ ਨਹੀਂ। ਸੱਚ ਤਾਂ ਇਹ ਹੈ ਕਿ ਅਸੀਂ ਸਿੰਘਣ ਸਮੇਂ ਨੂੰ ਬੇਅਦਬੀ ਨਹੀਂ ਕਰ ਸਕਦੇ। <!--qid:MAINS_2023_Compulsory-Punjabi_Q4-->
Attempt the following as instructed. <!--qid:MAINS_2023_Compulsory-Marathi_Q8-->
Translate the following paragraph into English. <!--qid:MAINS_2023_Compulsory-Urdu_Q4-->
Read the following passage carefully and, on the basis of its contents, answer the questions given below briefly and correctly. <!--qid:MAINS_2023_Compulsory-Urdu_Q2-->
We cannot deny the importance of games in life as games make a person sound in body and mind. Society expects of a person to fulfil all his duties, for which it is important for him to keep healthy. He may be very intelligent, but his intelligence is of no use if he is not healthy. In some ways, the human body is like a machine. If it is not made use of, it starts to work badly. People who are not fit grow weak; they become more prone to disease. Any form of game is useful, if it gives the body an opportunity to take regular physical exercise. Playing encourages the spirit of sportsmanship. It enables one to deal with life’s problems in a wise and natural manner. The important thing in playing is not the winning or the losing, but the participation. We have to remember some other things about playing games. First, it is the physical exercise that is important for health, not the games themselves, and there are other ways of getting this. Is not India the home of yoga ? When we think of the phrase — a healthy mind in a healthy body — we should not forget that it is the mind which is mentioned first. And if we let games become the most important thing in our lives, then we undermine the importance of the mind.106:[" <!--qid:MAINS_2023_Compulsory-Maithili_Q5-->
Translate the following passage into Kannada: We cannot deny the importance of games in life as games make a person sound in body and mind. Society expects of a person to fulfil all his duties, for which it is important for him to keep healthy. He may be very intelligent, but his intelligence is of no use if he is not healthy. In some ways, the human body is like a machine. If it is not made use of, it starts to work badly. People who are not fit grow weak; they become more prone to disease. Any form of game is useful, if it gives the body an opportunity to take regular physical exercise. Playing encourages the spirit of sportsmanship. It enables one to deal with life’s problems in a wise and natural manner. The important thing in playing is not the winning or the losing, but the participation. We have to remember some other things about playing games. First, it is the physical exercise that is important for health, not the games themselves, and there are other ways of getting this. Is not India the home of yoga? When we think of the phrase — a healthy mind in a healthy body — we should not forget that it is the mind which is mentioned first. And if we let games become the most important thing in our lives, then we undermine the importance of the mind.105:[" <!--qid:MAINS_2023_Compulsory-Kannada_Q5-->
नિમ્નलिखित ગદ્અંશનો गुजरातीમાં અનુવાદ કરો : We cannot deny the importance of games in life as games make a person sound in body and mind. Society expects of a person to fulfil all his duties, for which it is important for him to keep healthy. He may be very intelligent, but his intelligence is of no use if he is not healthy. In some ways, the human body is like a machine. If it is not made use of, it starts to work badly. People who are not fit grow weak; they become more prone to disease. Any form of game is useful, if it gives the body an opportunity to take regular physical exercise. Playing encourages the spirit of sportsmanship. It enables one to deal with life’s problems in a wise and natural manner. The important thing in playing is not the winning or the losing, but the participation. We have to remember some other things about playing games. First, it is the physical exercise that is important for health, not the games themselves, and there are other ways of getting this. Is not India the home of yoga? When we think of the phrase — a healthy mind in a healthy body — we should not forget that it is the mind which is mentioned first. And if we let games become the most important thing in our lives, then we undermine the importance of the mind.103:["$","div","MAINS_2023_Compulsory-Gujarati_Q5",{"className":"bg-[#18181f] bo <!--qid:MAINS_2023_Compulsory-Gujarati_Q5-->
Translate the following passage into Urdu: "We cannot deny the importance of games in life as games make a person sound in body and mind. Society expects of a person to fulfil all his duties, for which it is important for him to keep healthy. He may be very intelligent, but his intelligence is of no use if he is not healthy. In some ways, the human body is like a machine. If it is not made use of, it starts to work badly. People who are not fit grow weak; they become more prone to disease. Any form of game is useful, if it gives the body an opportunity to take regular physical exercise. Playing encourages the spirit of sportsmanship. It enables one to deal with life’s problems in a wise and natural manner. The important thing in playing is not the winning or the losing, but the participation. We have to remember some other things about playing games. First, it is the physical exercise that is important for health, not the games themselves, and there are other ways of getting this. Is not India the home of yoga? When we think of the phrase — a healthy mind in a healthy body — we should not forget that it is the mind which is mentioned first. And if we let games become the most important thing in our lives, then we undermine the importance of the mind."110:[" <!--qid:MAINS_2023_Compulsory-Urdu_Q5-->
The question has four parts – (a) Correct the spellings of the given words; (b) Explain the meaning of the given idioms/proverbs and use each in a sentence; (c) Write the antonyms of the given words; (d) For each of the following statements supply a single appropriate word. <!--qid:MAINS_2023_Compulsory-Punjabi_Q6-->
Translate the given Kannada passage into English. (Passage provided on page 6.) <!--qid:MAINS_2023_Compulsory-Kannada_Q4-->
Translate the following passage into English: (20 marks) <!--qid:MAINS_2023_Compulsory-Hindi_Q4-->
Write an essay of about 600 words on any ONE of the following topics: <!--qid:MAINS_2023_Compulsory-Punjabi_Q1-->
Answer the following as directed: <!--qid:MAINS_2023_Compulsory-Manipuri_Q6-->
Translate the following passage into Nepali: We cannot deny the importance of games in life as games make a person sound in body and mind. Society expects of a person to fulfil all his duties, for which it is important for him to keep healthy. He may be very intelligent, but his intelligence is of no use if he is not healthy. In some ways, the human body is like a machine. If it is not made use of, it starts to work badly. People who are not fit grow weak; they become more prone to disease. Any form of game is useful, if it gives the body an opportunity to take regular physical exercise. Playing encourages the spirit of sportsmanship. It enables one to deal with life’s problems in a wise and natural manner. The important thing in playing is not the winning or the losing, but the participation. We have to remember some other things about playing games. First, it is the physical exercise that is important for health, not the games themselves, and there are other ways of getting this. Is not India the home of yoga? When we think of the phrase — a healthy mind in a healthy body — we should not forget that it is the mind which is mentioned first. And if we let games become the most important thing in our lives, then we undermine the importance of the mind.109:[" <!--qid:MAINS_2023_Compulsory-Nepali_Q5-->
ఈ క్రింది తెలుగు వచనాన్ని ఆంగ్లంలోకి అనువదించండి : <!--qid:MAINS_2023_Compulsory-Telugu_Q4-->
Answer the following as directed: (a) Use the following idioms/phrases appropriately in sentences (any five): 2×5 = 10 (i) പടിയിറക്കുക (ii) അടിപൊക്കുക (iii) വിടപറക്കുക (iv) പാട്ടുപാടി (v) ഇടയ്ക്ക് തുപ്പുക (b) Rewrite the following expressions in the negative form: 2×5 = 10 (i) പറഞ്ഞില്ല (ii) അത്താഴകം (iii) വെണ്ണീരി (iv) വെയ്യുണ്ട് (v) വിചക്കാട് (c) Write suitable synonyms for the following: 2×5 = 10 (i) കണ്ണുനിറച്ച് (ii) ജന്മോഴികൾ (iii) മാതാവിതങ്ങൾ (iv) സങ്കടടുബം (v) പഞ്ചപാണ്ഡവർ (d) Give the correct verbal forms of the following words in proper sentences: 2×5 = 10 (i) ശ്രാദ്ധികണം (ii) മായ്നി (iii) പ്രഭർത്തിക്കുക (iv) അനുസൂയനം (v) അഭിപ്രായനം <!--qid:MAINS_2023_Compulsory-Malayalam_Q6-->
பின்வரும் பகுதியைக் கவனமாகப் படித்து, அதன் இறுதியில் தரப்பட்டுள்ள வினாக்களுக்கு தெளிவாகவும் சரியாகவும் சுருக்கமாகவும் விடை எழுதுக. 12×5 = 60 ஒரு விவசாயி வயல்களில் வேலை செய்யும் போது, அவர் உணவுத் தானியங்களையும் தொழிற்சாலைகளுக்குத் தேவையான மூலப் பொருட்களையும் உற்பத்தி செய்கிறார். கஞ்சிகள் மற்றும் விசைத்தறிகள் மூலம் நூலிழைகள் துணிகளின் வடிவம் பெறுகின்றன. வாகனங்கள் ஒரு பொருளை ஒரு இடத்திலிருந்து இன்னொரு இடத்திற்குக் கொண்டு செல்கின்றன. பொருட்கள் மற்றும் சேவைகளின் மொத்த மதிப்பினை நாம் அறிகிறோம். ஒரு ஆண்டில் நாட்டின் எல்லாவற்றையும் உற்பத்தி செய்த தொகுப்பை ‘மொத்த உற்பத்தி’ (Gross Domestic Product) எனக் கூறுகிறோம். நாம் ஏற்றுமதிகளுக்காக வெளிநாடுகளிடமிருந்து பணம் பெறுகின்றோம்; இறக்குமதிகளுக்காக பணம் செலுத்துகின்றோம். இந்த நிலை சாதகமாகவோ எதிர்மறையாகவோ சமநிலையாகவோ இருக்கலாம். மொத்த தேசிய உற்பத்திக்குப் பங்களிக்கும் செயல்பாடுகள் அனைத்தையும் ‘பொருளாதார நடவடிக்கைகள்’ என்று அழைக்கிறோம். இந்நிகழ்வுகளில் ஈடுபடும் அனைவரும் – அவர்கள் அலுவலக அதிகாரிகளாக இருக்கலாம், விவசாயிகளாக இருக்கலாம், தொழிற்சாலைக் கூலிகளாக இருக்கலாம் – ‘தொழிலாளர்கள்’ எனக் கருதப்படுகின்றனர். அவர்களில் சிலர் முழுநேரம் பணிபுரிப்பவர்கள்; சிலர் பகுதி நேரம் மட்டுமே வேலை செய்பவர்கள்; சிலர் தங்களுக்குக் கிடைக்கும் வேலையை மட்டும் செய்து திரிகிறவர்கள். இந்திய வேலை வாய்ப்பின் தன்மை பல பரிமாணங்கள் கொண்டது. சிலருக்கு ஆண்டு முழுவதும் வேலை கிடைக்கிறது; சிலருக்கு சில மாதங்கள் மட்டுமே; சிலருக்கு சில நாட்கள் மட்டுமே. பெரும்பாலான தொழிலர்களுக்கு உழைப்புக்குத் தகுதியான ஊதியம் கிடைப்பதில்லை. வீட்டுப்பணியில் ஈடுபடும் பெண்கள், குடும்ப உதவியாளர்கள், முற்றிலும் பணம் பெறாதவகை செய்பவர்கள் ஆகியோர் பெரும்பாலும் தொழிலாளர் கணக்கில் சேர்க்கப்படுவதில்லை. மக்கள்தொகை கணக்கெடுப்பின்படி 2011-12 ஆம் ஆண்டில் இந்திய தொழிலாளர்கள் சுமார் 473 மில்லியன் பேர். அவர்களில் பெரும்பாலோ கிராமப்புறங்களில் வாழ்பவர்கள். வினாக்கள்: (a) தொழிலாளர் யார்? (b) மொத்த உள்நாட்டு உற்பத்தி என்றால் என்ன? (c) இந்திய வேலை வாய்ப்பின் தன்மை யாது? (d) எந்தப் பெண்களைத் தொழிலாளர்களாகக் கருதவில்லை? (e) இந்திய மக்கள் தொகையில் தொழிலாளர்களின் விகிதம் யாது?dd:["$","div","MAINS_2023_Compulsory-Tamil_Q2",{"className":"bg-[#18181f] border border-[#2a2a35] rounded-xl p-5","children":[["$","div",null,{"className":"flex flex-wrap items-center gap-2 mb-2","children":[["$","span",null,{"className":"px-2 py-0.5 bg-[#d4a447]/20 text-[#e8bc5a] text-xs rounded-full","children":["Q",2]}],["$","span",null,{"className":"text-[#6a6a7a] text-xs","children":"Compulsory-Tamil"}],["$","span",null,{"className":"text-[#6a6a7a] text-xs","children":[60,"M"]}],""]}],["$","p",null,{"className":"text-[#f8f6f0] leading-relaxed whitespace-pre-line","children":"$13b"}],["$","div",null,{"className":"ml-4 mt-2 space-y-1","children":[["$","p","a",{"className":"text-[#9a9aaa] text-sm","children":[["$","span",null,{"className":"text-[#e8bc5a]","children":["(","a",")"]}]," ","தொழிலாளர் யார்?"," [12M]"]}],["$","p","b",{"className":"text-[#9a9aaa] text-sm","children":[["$","span",null,{"className":"text-[#e8bc5a]","children":["(","b",")"]}]," ","மொத்த உள்நாட்டு உற்பத்தி என்றால் என்ன?"," [12M]"]}],["$","p","c",{"className":"text-[#9a9aaa] text-sm","children":[["$","span",null,{"className":"text-[#e8bc5a]","children":["(","c",")"]}]," ","இந்திய வேலை வாய்ப்பின் தன்மை யாது?"," [12M]"]}],["$","p","d",{"className":"text-[#9a9aaa] text-sm","children":[["$","span",null,{"className":"text-[#e8bc5a]","children":["(","d",")"]}]," ","எந்தப் பெண்களைத் தொழிலாளர்களாகக் கருதவில்லை?"," [12M]"]}],["$","p","e",{"className":"text-[#9a9aaa] text-sm","children":[["$","span",null,{"className":"text-[#e8bc5a]","children":["(","e",")"]}]," ","இந்திய மக்கள் தொகையில் தொழிலாளர்களின் விகிதம் யாது?"," [12M]"]}]]}]]}] de:["$","div","MAINS_2023_Compulsory-Telugu_Q2",{"className":"bg-[#18181f] border border-[#2a2a35] rounded-xl p-5","children":[["$","div",null,{"className":"flex flex-wrap items-center gap-2 mb-2","children":[["$","span",null,{"className":"px-2 py-0.5 bg-[#d4a447]/20 text-[#e8bc5a] text-xs rounded-full","children":["Q",2]}],["$","span",null,{"className":"text-[#6a6a7a] text-xs","children":"Compulsory-Telugu"}],["$","span",null,{"className":"text-[#6a6a7a] text-xs","children":[60,"M"]}],""]}],["$","p",null,{"className":"text-[#f8f6f0] leading-relaxed whitespace-pre-line","children":"ఈ క్రింది గద్య భాగాన్ని జాగ్రత్తగా చదివి, దిగువ ఇచ్చిన ప్రశ్నలకు సరైన సమాధానాలను స్వచ్చంగా వ్రాయండి (Passage provided in the paper)."}],["$","div",null,{"className":"ml-4 mt-2 space-y-1","children":[["$","p","a",{"className":"text-[#9a9aaa] text-sm","children":[["$","span",null,{"className":"text-[#e8bc5a]","children":["(","a",")"]}]," ","గ్రామికుడంటే ఎవరు ?"," [12M]"]}],["$","p","b",{"className":"text-[#9a9aaa] text-sm","children":[["$","span",null,{"className":"text-[#e8bc5a]","children":["(","b",")"]}]," ","స్వల్ప దేశీయోత్పత్తి అంటే ఏమిటి ?"," [12M]"]}],["$","p","c",{"className":"text-[#9a9aaa] text-sm","children":[["$","span",null,{"className":"text-[#e8bc5a]","children":["(","c",")"]}]," ","భారతదేశంలో ఉపాది కల్పన ప్రధాన సమస్యలు ఏయి ?"," [12M]"]}],["$","p","d",{"className":"text-[#9a9aaa] text-sm","children":[["$","span",null,{"className":"text-[#e8bc5a]","children":["(","d",")"]}]," ","ఏ మహిళలు గ్రామికులుగా పరిగణించబడరు ?"," [12M]"]}],["$","p","e",{"className":"text-[#9a9aaa] text-sm","children":[["$","span",null,{"className":"text-[#e8bc5a]","children":["(","e",")"]}]," ","భారతదేశంలో గ్రామిక జ <!--qid:MAINS_2023_Compulsory-Tamil_Q2-->
Answer all of the following sub-parts. Each sub-part carries 10 marks (5 items × 2 marks each). <!--qid:MAINS_2023_Compulsory-Bengali_Q6-->
Write an essay of about 600 words on ANY ONE of the following topics: (a) Simple living and its benefits (b) Addiction to mobile phones (c) Limitations of online education (d) Terrorism – a curse <!--qid:MAINS_2023_Compulsory-Urdu_Q1-->
Read the following passage carefully and answer the questions that follow, in simple and correct Punjabi: ਜਦੋਂ ਇੱਕ ਕਿਸਾਨ ਖੇਤ ਵਿੱਚ ਕੰਮ ਕਰਦਾ ਹੈ ਤਾਂ ਉਹ ਖਾਦ-ਪਦਾਰਥ ਅਤੇ ਉਪਕਰਣਾਂ ਲਈ ਕੱਚਾ ਮਾਲ ਪ੍ਰਦਾਨ ਕਰਦਾ ਹੈ। ਕਾਰਖਾਨਿਆਂ ਅਤੇ ਬਿਜਲੀ ਨਾਲ ਚੱਲਣ ਵਾਲੀਆਂ ਮਸ਼ੀਨਾਂ ਵਿੱਚ ਇਹ ਕੱਚਾ ਮਾਲ ਰੂਪ ਬਦਲ ਕੇ ਤਿਆਰ ਪਦਾਰਥ ਬਣ ਜਾਂਦਾ ਹੈ। ਗੱਡੀਆਂ ਵਰਗੀਆਂ ਵਸਤुओं ਨੂੰ ਇੱਕ ਸਾਲ ਤੋਂ ਬਾਅਦ ਸਮੇਤੋਂ ਬਾਹਰ ਪ੍ਰਯੋਗ ਕੀਤਾ ਜਾਂਦਾ ਹੈ। ਅਸੀਂ ਜਾਣਦੇ ਹਾਂ ਕਿ ਕਿਸੇ ਦੇਸ਼ ਵਿੱਚ ਇੱਕ ਸਾਲ ਦੌਰਾਨ ਉਤਪਾਦਿਤ ਸਾਰੀਆਂ ਵਸਤਾਂ ਅਤੇ ਸੇਵਾਵਾਂ ਦਾ ਕੁੱਲ ਘਰੇਲੂ ਉਤਪਾਦ (GDP) ਕਿਹਾ ਜਾਂਦਾ ਹੈ। ਨਿਰਪੱਖ ਸੰਕੇਤ ਦੇ ਤੌਰ ‘ਤੇ ਇਹ ਸਾਡੇ ਮੌਲ ਪ੍ਰਾਪਤ ਹੁੰਦਾ ਹੈ ਅਤੇ ਆਮਦਨ ਲਈ ਬਹੁਤ ਜ਼ਰੂਰੀ ਹੈ। ... (ਪੂਰਾ ਵੇਰਵਾ ਪੈਰਾ ਭਰ – ਪੇਰਾਗਰਾਫ ਪੇਜ 2 ਅਤੇ 3 ਵਿੱਚ ਦਿੱਤਾ ਗਿਆ ਪਾਸੇਜ ਇਥੇ ਜਿਵੇਂ ਦੇ ਤਿਵੇਂ ਸ਼ਾਮਿਲ ਕਰੋ) ... ਭਾਰਤ ਵਿੱਚ ਕਿਰਤ ਸ਼ਕਤੀ ਦੇ ਬਹੁਤ ਪੁਰਾਣੇ ਪ੍ਰਬੰਧ ਹਨ । ਬਹੁਤ ਸਾਰੀਆਂ ਕੁਲ ਪੈਂਡੂ ਸ਼ਕਤੀਆਂ ਨੂੰ ਕਦੇ ਵੀ ਸਹੀ ਤਰੀਕੇ ਨਾਲ ਸੰਗਠਿਤ ਨਹੀਂ ਕੀਤਾ ਗਿਆ। ਇਨ੍ਹਾਂ 473 ਮਿਲੀਅਨ ਕਾਮਿਆਂ ਵਿੱਚੋਂ ਤਿੰਨ-ਚੌਥਾਈ ਕਾਮੇ ਪੈਂਡੂ ਹਨ। <!--qid:MAINS_2023_Compulsory-Punjabi_Q2-->
Read the following passage carefully and answer the five questions that follow (12 × 5 = 60). <!--qid:MAINS_2023_Compulsory-Bodo_Q2-->
Translate the following English passage into Bengali: <!--qid:MAINS_2023_Compulsory-Bengali_Q5-->
Translate the following passage into Odia: "We cannot deny the importance of games in life as games make a person sound in body and mind. Society expects of a person to fulfil all his duties, for which it is important for him to keep healthy. He may be very intelligent, but his intelligence is of no use if he is not healthy. In some ways, the human body is like a machine. If it is not made use of, it starts to work badly. People who are not fit grow weak; they become more prone to disease. Any form of game is useful, if it gives the body an opportunity to take regular physical exercise. Playing encourages the spirit of sportsmanship. It enables one to deal with life’s problems in a wise and natural manner. The important thing in playing is not the winning or the losing, but the participation. We have to remember some other things about playing games. First, it is the physical exercise that is important for health, not the games themselves, and there are other ways of getting this. Is not India the home of yoga? When we think of the phrase — a healthy mind in a healthy body — we should not forget that it is the mind which is mentioned first. And if we let games become the most important thing in our lives, then we undermine the importance of the mind."10a:[" <!--qid:MAINS_2023_Compulsory-Odia_Q5-->
Prepare a precis of the following passage, reducing it to roughly one-third of its length and give it an appropriate title. (Original Kannada passage covers pages 4-5.) <!--qid:MAINS_2023_Compulsory-Kannada_Q3-->
निम्नलिखित गद्यांशलाई ध्यानपूर्वक पढी त्यसका आधारमा तल दिइएका प्रश्नका उत्तर स्पष्ट, संक्षिप्त अनि सहज भाषामा लेख्नुहोस् : जब एक किसान खेतमा काम गर्दैछ तब उसले खाद्यान्न अनि उद्योगको निम्ति कच्चा पदार्थ उत्पादन गर्छ । कपासले नै कपडा बनाउछ, विद्युत्भित्रका उपकरण रूप धारण गर्छ । गाडीले सामानलाई एउटा ठाँउबाट अर्को ठाँउम्म पुर्याउँछ । कुनै देशमा एक वर्षभित्र उत्पादन भएका सबै वस्तु अनि सेवाको जम्मा मूल्य नै त्यस देशको कुल घरेलु उत्पादन हुन्छ भने हामीलाई ज्ञात छ । हामीलाई निर्यात गर्दा आय प्राप्त हुन्छ अनि आयात गर्दा व्यय गर्नु पर्छ । समयमा हामी देख्छौं कुनै आम्दानी सकारात्मक हुनसक्छ अथवा नकारात्मक हुनसक्छ वा शून्य हुनसक्छ । प्राप्त आम्दानीहरू जोड गर्दा हामीलाई यस वर्षको नितान्त देशको कुल घरेलु उत्पादन प्राप्त हुन्छ । कुल राष्ट्रिय उत्पादनमा योगदान पुर्याउने सबै क्रियाकलापलाई हामी आर्थिक क्रिया भन्छौं । ती सबै व्यक्ति जो उच्च अथवा निम्न कुनै पनि तहमा काम गरी आर्थिक क्रियामा संलग्न रहन्छन् तिनीहरूलाई श्रमिक भन्छौं । यदि कुनै व्यक्ति बिरामी, धापसी, प्रतिकूल मौसम, लम्बोर अथवा सामाजिक-धार्मिक उत्सवका कारण अस्थायी रूपमा काममा नआउन सके तापनि तिनलाई श्रमिक नै मानिन्छ । यदि काममा लाग्ने मुख्य श्रमिकलाई सहायता गर्नेहरूलाई पनि हामी श्रमिक नै मान्दछौं । सामान्यतया हामी यस्तो सोच्दछौं कि जसलाई काम गरेको सट्टा रोजगारीदाताले केही भुक्तानी गर्छ, तिनलाई श्रमिक भन्छौँ । तर वास्तवमा होइन; स्वरोजगार व्यक्ति पनि श्रमिक नै हुन्छन् । भारतमा रोजगारको प्रकृति बहुआयामिक छ । केही मानिसलाई वर्षैभरि रोजगार प्राप्त हुन्छ भने केहीलाई वर्षमा केही महिना मात्र रोजगार पाइन्छ । आधिकारिक अनुमानअनुसार आर्थिक वर्ष 2011–12 मा भारतको मोटा श्रमशक्तिको आकार लगभग 473 मिलियन थियो । किनकि देशका अधिकाँश मानिस ग्रामीण क्षेत्रमा बस्दछन्, त्यसैले ग्रामीण श्रमिकको अनुपात सहरी श्रमिकभन्दा बढी छ । यी 473 मिलियन श्रमिकमध्ये तीन चौथाई ग्रामीण श्रमिक हुन् । भारतको श्रमशक्तिमा पुरुषहरूको बहुलता छ । ग्रामीण क्षेत्रमा महिला श्रमिक मोटा श्रमशक्तिको एक-तिहाइ हुन्, भने सहरी क्षेत्रमा केवल 20 प्रतिशत महिला श्रमशक्तिमा योगदानकारी छन् । स्त्रीहरू खाना बनाउने, पानी ल्याउने, इन्धन बटुल्ने साथै खेतमा समेत काम गर्छन् । उनीहरूलाई नगद भुक्तानी अथवा अकस्मात् ज्याला प्राप्त हुँदैन । कतिपय अवस्थामा त केही पनि भुक्तानी गर्दैनन् । यस्तै महिलाहरूलाई श्रमिक सङ्ख्यामा समावेश गरिन्छ । यी महिलालाई पनि श्रमिक नै मान्नु पर्दछ भन्ने अर्थशास्त्रीहरूको आक्षेप छ ।da:["$","div","MAINS_2023_Compulsory-Nepali_Q2",{"className":"bg-[#18181f] border border-[#2a2a35] rounded-xl p-5","children":[["$","div",null,{"className":"flex flex-wrap items-center gap-2 mb-2","children":[["$","span",null,{"className":"px-2 py-0.5 bg-[#d4a447]/20 text-[#e8bc5a] text-xs rounded-full","children":["Q",2]}],["$","span",null,{"className":"text-[#6a6a7a] text-xs","children":"Compulsory-Nepali"}],["$","span",null,{"className":"text-[#6a6a7a] text-xs","children":[60,"M"]}],""]}],["$","p",null,{"className":"text-[#f8f6f0] leading-relaxed whitespace-pre-line","children":"$139"}],["$","div",null,{"className":"ml-4 mt-2 space-y-1","children":[["$","p","a",{"className":"text-[#9a9aaa] text-sm","children":[["$","span",null,{"className":"text-[#e8bc5a]","children":["(","a",")"]}]," ","श्रमिक को हो ?"," [12M]"]}],["$","p","b",{"className":"text-[#9a9aaa] text-sm","children":[["$","span",null,{"className":"text-[#e8bc5a]","children":["(","b",")"]}]," ","कुल घरेलु उत्पादन के हो ?"," [12M]"]}],["$","p","c",{"className":"text-[#9a9aaa] text-sm","children":[["$","span",null,{"className":"text-[#e8bc5a]","children":["(","c",")"]}]," ","भारतमा रोजगारको प्रकृति कस्तो छ ?"," [12M]"]}],["$","p","d",{"className":"text-[#9a9aaa] text-sm","children":[["$","span",null,{"className":"text-[#e8bc5a]","children":["(","d",")"]}]," ","कुन महिलाहरूलाई श्रमिक मानिदैन ?"," [12M]"]}],"$L13a"]}]]}] db:["$","div","MAINS_2023_Compulsory-Punjabi_Q2",{"className":"bg-[#18181f] border border-[#2a2a35] rounded-xl p-5","children":[["$","div",null,{"className":"flex flex-wrap items-center gap-2 mb-2","children":[["$","span",null,{"className":"px-2 py-0.5 bg-[#d4a447]/20 text-[#e8bc5a] text-xs rounded-full","children":["Q",2]}],["$","span",null,{"className":"text-[#6a6a7a] text-xs","children":"Compulsory-Punjabi"}],["$","span",null,{"className":"text-[#6a6a7a] text-xs","children":[60,"M"]}],""]}],["$","p",null,{"className":"text-[#f8f6f0] leading-relaxed whitespace-pre-line","children":"Read the following passage carefully and answer the questions that follow, in simple and correct Punjabi:"}],["$","div",null,{"className":"ml-4 mt-2 space-y-1","children":[["$","p","passage",{"className":"text-[#9a9aaa] text-sm","children":[["$","span",null,{"className":"text-[#e8bc5a]","children":["(","passage",")"]}]," ","ਜਦੋਂ ਇੱਕ ਕਿਸਾਨ ਖੇਤ ਵਿੱਚ ਕੰਮ ਕਰਦਾ ਹੈ ਤਾਂ ਉਹ ਖਾਦ-ਪਦਾਰਥ ਅਤੇ ਉਪਕਰਣਾਂ ਲਈ ਕੱਚਾ ਮਾਲ ਪ੍ਰਦਾਨ ਕਰਦਾ ਹੈ। ਕਾਰਖਾਨਿਆਂ ਅਤੇ ਬਿਜਲੀ ਨਾਲ ਚੱਲਣ ਵਾਲੀਆਂ ਮਸ਼ੀਨਾਂ ਵਿੱਚ ਇਹ ਕੱਚਾ ਮਾਲ ਰੂਪ ਬਦਲ ਕੇ ਤਿਆਰ ਪਦਾਰਥ ਬਣ ਜਾਂਦਾ ਹੈ। ਗੱਡੀਆਂ ਵਰਗੀਆਂ ਵਸਤुओं ਨੂੰ ਇੱਕ ਸਾਲ ਤੋਂ ਬਾਅਦ ਸਮੇਤੋਂ ਬਾਹਰ ਪ੍ਰਯੋਗ ਕੀਤਾ ਜਾਂਦਾ ਹੈ। ਅਸੀਂ ਜਾਣਦੇ ਹਾਂ ਕਿ ਕਿਸੇ ਦੇਸ਼ ਵਿੱਚ ਇੱਕ ਸਾਲ ਦੌਰਾਨ ਉਤਪਾਦਿਤ ਸਾਰੀਆਂ ਵਸਤਾਂ ਅਤੇ ਸੇਵਾਵਾਂ ਦਾ ਕੁੱਲ ਘਰੇਲੂ ਉਤਪਾਦ (GDP) ਕਿਹਾ ਜਾਂਦਾ ਹੈ। ਨਿਰਪੱਖ ਸੰਕੇਤ ਦੇ ਤੌਰ ‘ਤੇ ਇਹ ਸਾਡੇ ਮੌਲ ਪ੍ਰਾਪਤ ਹੁੰਦਾ ਹੈ ਅਤੇ ਆਮਦਨ ਲਈ ਬਹੁਤ ਜ਼ਰੂਰੀ ਹੈ। ... (ਪੂਰਾ ਵੇਰਵਾ ਪੈਰਾ ਭਰ – ਪੇਰਾਗਰਾਫ ਪੇਜ 2 ਅਤੇ 3 ਵਿੱਚ ਦਿੱਤਾ ਗਿਆ ਪਾਸੇਜ ਇਥੇ ਜਿਵੇਂ ਦੇ ਤਿਵੇਂ ਸ਼ਾਮਿਲ ਕਰੋ) ... ਭਾਰਤ ਵਿੱਚ ਕਿਰਤ ਸ਼ਕਤੀ ਦੇ ਬਹੁਤ ਪੁਰਾਣੇ ਪ੍ਰਬੰਧ ਹਨ । ਬਹੁਤ ਸਾਰੀਆਂ ਕੁਲ ਪੈਂਡੂ ਸ਼ਕਤੀਆਂ ਨੂੰ ਕਦੇ ਵੀ ਸਹੀ ਤਰੀਕੇ ਨਾਲ ਸੰਗਠਿਤ ਨਹੀਂ ਕੀਤਾ ਗਿਆ। ਇਨ੍ਹਾਂ 473 ਮਿਲੀਅਨ ਕਾਮਿਆਂ ਵਿੱਚੋਂ ਤਿੰਨ-ਚੌਥਾਈ ਕਾਮੇ ਪੈਂਡੂ ਹਨ।",""]}],["$","p","a",{"className":"text-[#9a9aaa] text-sm","children":[["$","span",null,{"className":"text-[#e8bc5a]","children":["(","a",")"]}]," ","ਕਾਮ ਕਦੋਂ ਹੁੰਦਾ ਹੈ?"," [12M]"]}],["$","p","b",{"className":"text-[#9a9aaa] text-sm","children":[["$","span",null,{"className":"text-[#e8bc5a]","children":["(","b",")"]}]," ","‘ਕੁੱਲ ਘਰੇਲੂ ਉਤਪਾਦ’ ਤੋਂ ਕੀ ਭਾਵ ਹੈ?"," [12M]"]}],["$","p","c",{"className":"text-[#9a9aaa] text-sm","children":[["$","span",null,{"className":"text-[#e8bc5a]","children":["(","c",")"]}]," ","ਭਾਰਤ ਵਿੱਚ ਰੁਜ਼ਗਾਰ ਦੀ ਪ੍ਰਕृति ਕਿਹੋ ਜਿਹੀ ਹੈ?"," [12M]"]}],["$","p","d",{"className":"te <!--qid:MAINS_2023_Compulsory-Nepali_Q2-->
கீழ்க்காணும் பகுதியை அதன் அளவில் மூன்றில் ஒரு பங்கு அளவில் சுருக்கி, உங்கள் சொந்த நடையில் எழுதுக. தலைப்புக் தேவையில்லை. (60 மதிப்பெண்கள்) நாகரம், பண்டைய ஆசிய இரண்டே சொற்களும் அதிகம் பயன்படுத்தக்கூடிய சொற்களாக இருக்கின்றன. ஆனால் அவை மிகவும் குறைவாகவே புரிந்து-கொள்ளப்பட்ட சொற்களாகவும் இருக்கின்றன. மனித சமுதாயம் நெருப்பைப் பற்றி அறியாத காலத்தை நினைத்துப் பாருங்கள். இன்று ஒவ்வொரு வீட்டிலும் சமையறையில் நெருப்பைப் பயன்படுத்துகின்றனர். முதன் முதலில் நெருப்பைக் கண்டுபிடித்த மனிதன் ஒரு சிறந்த கண்டுபிடிப்பாளராக இருந்திருக்க வேண்டும். மனிதனுக்கு ஊசி மற்றும் நூல் அறிமுகப்படுத்தப்படாத காலத்தை கற்பனை செய்து பாருங்கள். இன்பம், துணி — அனைத்தும் ஊசியின் வழி வந்தவை. இந்த இரண்டு ஊடகங்களைக் கருத்தில் கொள்ள வேண்டும். முதல் ஊடகத்தில் இரண்டு செயல்கள் உள்ளன: (1) நெருப்பைக் கண்டுபிடித்த ஒரு குறித்த மனிதனின் சக்தி, (2) நெருப்பின் கண்டுபிடிப்பு. அதுபோல் இரண்டாவது ஊடகத்தில் ஊசி-நூல் ஆகியவை உள்ளன. நெருப்பும் ஊசியும் மனிதச் செவ்வியத்தை மாற்றிய முக்கிய கண்டுபிடிப்புகள். பட்டயத்தின் பின்னணியில் ஒரு குறிப்பிடத்தகுந்த நாட்டின் திறன், போக்கு, உத்தேவக உச்சரிப்பு ஆகியவை உள்ளன. அவற்றின் கூட்டு விளைவாக உருவாகும் அமைப்பே ‘நாகரம்’ என அழைக்கப்படுகிறது. பண்புடை மனிதன் புதிதாக ஒன்றைக் கண்டுபிடிப்பான். ஆனால் அவனது வழிமுறை அந்தக் கண்டுபிடிப்பை முன்னோர்களிடமிருந்து விரிவெயர்த்துப் பெறுவதற்காக உதவுகிறது. புதிதாய்த் தோன்றும் விசித்திரம் யார் ஒருவருக்கு சில புதிய உண்டாயங்களை அளிக்கக்கூடும். இன்றைய மாணவர் ஒரு நுட்பத்தை எடுத்துக் கொள்ளலாம். நுட்பத்தின் புதுப்பிப்பு கொள்கையை அவர் கண்டு பிடிக்கிறார். அவர் பணப்பட்ட மனிதராக இருக்கலாம். ஆனால் இயற்கை மாணவர் அதையும் கடந்துச் செல்லும் திறன் கொண்டவனாக இருக்கலாம். நெருப்புக் கண்டுபிடிப்புக்குப் பின் உலகம் புதிய கட்டத்தை அடைந்தது. அதைப் போல் ஊசி-நூல் கண்டுபிடிப்பும் மனித நாகரிகத்தை மாற்றிய இன்னொரு முக்கியமான படி.ec:["$","div","MAINS_2023_Compulsory-Tamil_Q3",{"className":"bg-[#18181f] border border-[#2a2a35] rounded-xl p-5","children":[["$","div",null,{"className":"flex flex-wrap items-center gap-2 mb-2","children":[["$","span",null,{"className":"px-2 py-0.5 bg-[#d4a447]/20 text-[#e8bc5a] text-xs rounded-full","children":["Q",3]}],["$","span",null,{"className":"text-[#6a6a7a] text-xs","children":"Compulsory-Tamil"}],["$","span",null,{"className":"text-[#6a6a7a] text-xs","children":[60,"M"]}],""]}],["$","p",null,{"className":"text-[#f8f6f0] leading-relaxed whitespace-pre-line","children":"$13f"}],false]}] ed:["$","div","MAINS_2023_Compulsory-Telugu_Q3",{"className":"bg-[#18181f] border border-[#2a2a35] rounded-xl p-5","children":[["$","div",null,{"className":"flex flex-wrap items-center gap-2 mb-2","children":[["$","span",null,{"className":"px-2 py-0.5 bg-[#d4a447]/20 text-[#e8bc5a] text-xs rounded-full","children":["Q",3]}],["$","span",null,{"className":"text-[#6a6a7a] text-xs","children":"Compulsory-Telugu"}],["$","span",null,{"className":"text-[#6a6a7a] text-xs","children":[60,"M"]}],""]}],["$","p",null,{"className":"text-[#f8f6f0] leading-relaxed whitespace-pre-line","children":"ఈ క్రింది ప్రసంగ విభాగాన్ని మీ స్వంత మాటల్లో మూడో వంతు పరిమాణానికి సంక్షిప్త పలుకరించండి. సంక్షిప్త రచనను మీ స్వంత మాటల్లో తయారుచేయండి :"}],false]}] ee:["$","div","MAINS_2023_Compulsory-Urdu_Q3",{"className":"bg-[#18181f] border border-[#2a2a35] rounded-xl p-5","children":[["$","div",null,{"className":"flex flex-wrap items-center gap-2 mb-2","children":[["$","span",null,{"className":"px-2 py-0.5 bg-[#d4a447]/20 text-[#e8bc5a] text-xs rounded-full","children":["Q",3]}],["$","span",null,{"className":"text-[#6a6a7a] text-xs","children":"Compulsory-Urdu"}],["$","span",null,{"className":"text-[#6a6a7a] text-xs","children":[60,"M"]}],""]}],["$","p",null,{"className":"text-[#f8f6f0] leading-relaxed whitespace-pre-line","children":"Write a concise speech in your own words (in Urdu) based on the following passage. You do not have to assign any title."}],false]}] ef:["$","div","MAINS_2023_Compulsory-Assamese_Q4",{"className":"bg-[#18181f] border border-[#2a2a35] rounded-xl p-5","children":[["$","div",null,{"className":"flex flex-wrap items-center gap-2 mb-2","children":[["$","span",null,{"className":"px-2 py-0.5 bg-[#d4a447]/20 text-[#e8bc5a] text-xs rounded-full","children":["Q",4]}],["$","span",null,{"className":"text-[#6a6a7a] text-xs","children":"Compulsory-Assamese"}],["$","span",null,{"className":"text-[#6a6a7a] text-xs","children":[20,"M"]}],""]}],["$","p",null,{"className":"text-[#f8f6f0] leading-relaxed whitespace-pre-line","children":"Translate the following Assamese passage into English:\n“সময় অমূল্য। প্ৰকৃততে এই পৃথিৱীৰ সময় একমাত্ৰ অনবৰ্ত্বৱ স্তৱ, যি সীমিত। যদি আপুনি সম্পদ হেৰুৱাই তেতিয়াও তাক পুনৰ অৰ্জন কৰিব পাৰিব। ঘড়ি হেৰোৱাল তাকক উদ্ধাৰ পাব পাৰি। যদি আপুনি সময় হেৰুৱাই তাক পুনৰধাৰ কৰিবলৈ চেষ্টাও কৰিব নোৱাৰি ...”"}],false]}] f0:["$","div","MAINS_2023_Compulsory-B <!--qid:MAINS_2023_Compulsory-Tamil_Q3-->
Answer any FOUR of the following as directed (fill-in-the-blanks, one-word substitution, antonyms, translation etc.). (10 × 4 = 40) <!--qid:MAINS_2023_Compulsory-Bodo_Q6-->
பின்வருவன்களில் ஏதேனும் ஒன்றை குறித்து 600 சொற்களில் கட்டுரை எழுதுக. (a) நுகர்வோரின் வாழ்க்கை முறையும் சுற்றுச் சூழலும் (b) அலைபேசிக் (Mobile Phone) அடிமையாதல் (c) இணையவழிக் கல்வியின் வருங்காலம் (d) பயங்கரவாதம் : ஒரு சவால் <!--qid:MAINS_2023_Compulsory-Tamil_Q1-->
Write an essay of about 600 words on any ONE of the following topics: <!--qid:MAINS_2023_Compulsory-Manipuri_Q1-->
Write an essay in about 600 words on ANY ONE of the following topics: <!--qid:MAINS_2023_Compulsory-Bodo_Q1-->
Develop the following idea/quotation into a composition. <!--qid:MAINS_2023_Compulsory-Bodo_Q4-->
Write a précis of the following passage in one-third of its length. No title is required. Use your own words. [Passage in Assamese of roughly 436 words on the ideas of ‘truth’ and ‘completeness’, human knowledge, scientific progress, and the cultural significance of honesty.] <!--qid:MAINS_2023_Compulsory-Assamese_Q3-->
Write a summary of the following passage in your own words, compressing it to about one-third of its length. No title is required. (60 marks) Passage: Among the words that come to mind most quickly and are used most often are two – “civilization” and “culture”. Imagine the time when human society had not yet discovered fire! Today every household has a stove burning. The man who first discovered fire must have been a very great inventor. Or imagine the time when mankind did not know the wheel. The person who shaped a piece of iron into a wheel must also have been a great inventor. Consider these two examples. In the first there are two elements: first, the particular man had the ability to discover fire and, second, the discovery of fire itself. In the second example, likewise, one person had the capacity to invent the wheel and, secondly, there was the invention itself. The ability, tendency and inspiration that produced the discovery are what we call civilization, and the tangible manifestation that results from it is culture. A cultured person discovers something new, but his descendants obtain that discovery effortlessly from their forefathers. The person whose intellect shows him a new path is the truly cultured man; his descendants, who inherit the discovery ready-made, may also be called cultured, but not in the original sense. Take a modern example: Newton discovered the law of gravitation; he was a cultured human being. A student of modern physics knows that law and much besides, yet we cannot call him more cultured than Newton. Hunger was probably the chief inspiration behind the discovery of fire, and the urge to escape cold and adorn the body behind the invention of cloth. Now imagine the man whose belly is full, whose body is clothed, but who, lying beneath the open sky at night, gazes at the stars and becomes restless to know why this earth is in the end so lonely. A full stomach and warm clothes do not give birth to such a mind: culture never sits upon a satisfied body. Much of our culture has come from those whose earnings were governed by purely physical considerations, but some part has also been given to us by thinkers who, without material compulsion, were driven by an inner sense of wonder. Perhaps it was the same wonder that urged the sage who lay awake at night watching the stars to write the first book of astronomy that has reached us today.e5:["$","d <!--qid:MAINS_2023_Compulsory-Hindi_Q3-->
Answer the following sub-questions: <!--qid:MAINS_2023_Compulsory-Odia_Q6-->
Answer the following questions: (i) Define an adjective. (ii) Define a particle (harf) and give examples. (iii) What is the difference between a word (kalima) and a verb (fi‘l)? (iv) Use the following idioms in sentences: (a) din me ṭāre nazar ānā (seeing stars in daylight) (b) pānī pānī honā (to feel ashamed). (v) Define the past tense (māzī). Define an adjective. [2M] Define a particle (harf) and give examples. [2M] What is the difference between a word (kalima) and a verb (fi‘l)? [2M] Use the idioms ‘din me ṭāre nazar ānā’ and ‘pānī pānī honā’ in sentences. [2M] Define the past tense (māzī). [2M] <!--qid:MAINS_2023_Compulsory-Urdu_Q6-->
Answer the following as instructed: <!--qid:MAINS_2023_Compulsory-Kannada_Q6-->
Translate the following prose passage into English. [250 words] <!--qid:MAINS_2023_Compulsory-Malayalam_Q4-->
Translate the following Assamese passage into English: “সময় অমূল্য। প্ৰকৃততে এই পৃথিৱীৰ সময় একমাত্ৰ অনবৰ্ত্বৱ স্তৱ, যি সীমিত। যদি আপুনি সম্পদ হেৰুৱাই তেতিয়াও তাক পুনৰ অৰ্জন কৰিব পাৰিব। ঘড়ি হেৰোৱাল তাকক উদ্ধাৰ পাব পাৰি। যদি আপুনি সময় হেৰুৱাই তাক পুনৰধাৰ কৰিবলৈ চেষ্টাও কৰিব নোৱাৰি ...” <!--qid:MAINS_2023_Compulsory-Assamese_Q4-->
Summarise the following passage in about one-third of its length and give it a suitable title. Write the summary in Sanskrit. <!--qid:MAINS_2023_Compulsory-Sanskrit_Q3-->
Use each of the following words in a sentence of your own in Sanskrit: एकदा [2M] केवलम् [2M] विस्म [2M] सहसा [2M] सूम् [2M] <!--qid:MAINS_2023_Compulsory-Sanskrit_Q6-->