Medical Science UPSC PYQ 2024

(b) (i) A 55-year-old female presented with haematemesis. On physical examination, she was afebrile and pale. No organomegaly was noted. Serological tests for hepatitis B were positive. 1. What is the most likely diagnosis? 2. Describe the microscopic findings. 3. What is the pathogenesis? (ii) Describe the clinical features and microscopic findings in acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. (c) (i) State the role of diuretics in the management of hypertension. (ii) Discuss how excess dose of paracetamol causes acute hepatocellular toxicity and how you will manage the condition. (iii) Elaborate the advantages and disadvantages of Sodium-Glucose Cotransporter-2 (SGLT-2) inhibitors in the management of diabetes mellitus. A 55-year-old female presented with haematemesis. On physical examination, she was afebrile and pale. No organomegaly was noted. Serological tests for hepatitis B were positive. 1. What is the most likely diagnosis? 2. Describe the microscopic findings. 3. What is the pathogenesis? [10M] Describe the clinical features and microscopic findings in acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. [10M] State the role of diuretics in the management of hypertension. [5M] Discuss how excess dose of paracetamol causes acute hepatocellular toxicity and how you will manage the condition. [5M] Elaborate the advantages and disadvantages of Sodium-Glucose Cotransporter-2 (SGLT-2) inhibitors in the management of diabetes mellitus. [5M] <!--qid:MAINS_2024_Medical_Science-I_Q7-->

(a) A sixty-year-old male develops central chest pain while walking uphill. The pain is squeezing in character, radiating to left arm, that relieves on taking rest. Discuss in short about the evaluation and treatment of this case. (b) (i) Enumerate the causes of respiratory distress in a newborn. How would you differentiate between respiratory distress of respiratory origin and that of cardiac origin? (ii) Write the complications of cyanotic congenital heart diseases. (iii) How will you manage a one-year five-month old child presenting with severe respiratory distress with a history of cough and fever for 5 days? (c) (i) What is the meaning of the term 'lichenoid'? (ii) Name the disease that is a prototype of lichenoid reaction. (iii) Describe the clinical features of the disease. Causes of respiratory distress in a newborn and differentiation between respiratory and cardiac origin. [8M] Complications of cyanotic congenital heart diseases. [4M] Management of a 17-month-old child with severe respiratory distress, cough and fever. [8M] Meaning of the term 'lichenoid'. [3M] Name the prototype disease of lichenoid reaction. [3M] Describe the clinical features of the disease. [4M] <!--qid:MAINS_2024_Medical_Science-II_Q4-->

(a) Discuss in short the role of a Chest X-ray in the diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis. (b) Describe the clinical features for diagnosing a case of Depression. (c) What are the key differences between Kwashiorkor and Marasmus? Which is the easiest method which can help in the early detection of Protein Energy Malnutrition (PEM) in children? (d) During the initial phase of stabilization in a severe acute malnourished child, map out the dietary plan. State the type, amount and frequency of feed that the child requires and for how long that would be necessary. In this phase, what is the vitamin and mineral supplementation given? (e) In a confirmed case of scabies in an adult: (i) What are the primary manifestations of the disease and what is the pattern of distribution of lesions on the body? (ii) What are the complications seen in scabies? <!--qid:MAINS_2024_Medical_Science-II_Q1-->

(a) (i) Enlist conditions having an increased risk of malignant disease in bone and cartilage. (ii) Briefly mention classification of bone tumours. (b) A 55-year-old male patient underwent subtotal gastrectomy for carcinoma stomach. Briefly describe early and late complications of this procedure. (c) (i) A 25-year-old infertile woman presents with menorrhagia. Ultrasound pelvis revealed multi-fibroid uterus, largest measuring 3 × 3 cm. Describe the evaluation and management of Fibroid Uterus in the above patient. (ii) Describe recent classification of Abnormal Uterine Bleeding (AUB). Briefly discuss the endometrial pattern in various types of Abnormal Uterine Bleeding. Enlist conditions having an increased risk of malignant disease in bone and cartilage. [5M] Briefly mention classification of bone tumours. [5M] Evaluation and management of Fibroid Uterus in a 25-year-old infertile woman. [5M] Recent classification of Abnormal Uterine Bleeding and endometrial patterns in various types. [5M] <!--qid:MAINS_2024_Medical_Science-II_Q5-->

(a) (i) Discuss in short about the different modalities used in the diagnosis of Extra-Pulmonary Tuberculosis. (ii) Describe the clinical features of malabsorption syndrome. (b) (i) Write in brief the ten steps of Baby-friendly Hospital Initiative (revised 2018). (ii) Write the advantages of breast-feeding. (c) A young adult female develops asymptomatic depigmented chalky white macules and patches with no sign of inflammation over face and around body orifices. (i) What is the diagnosis? (ii) What are the associated findings seen in this disorder? (iii) How is this disorder classified? (iv) Describe the clinical course of the disease. Discuss in short about the different modalities used in the diagnosis of Extra-Pulmonary Tuberculosis. [10M] Describe the clinical features of malabsorption syndrome. [10M] Write in brief the ten steps of Baby-friendly Hospital Initiative (revised 2018). [10M] Write the advantages of breast-feeding. [5M] What is the diagnosis? [3M] What are the associated findings seen in this disorder? [4M] How is this disorder classified? [4M] Describe the clinical course of the disease. [4M] <!--qid:MAINS_2024_Medical_Science-II_Q2-->

(a) (i) What is enteric fever? What are its causative agents? Give a detailed presentation of a case according to the time of the disease and the respective tests used for diagnosis. (ii) Draw a diagram of HIV virion depicting the various antigens and proteins. Give the serological pattern in an HIV infection according to the time of presentation. List the various diseases associated with AIDS. (b) (i) What is virtual autopsy? State its methodology. What are its merits? (ii) Define brain death. Describe its medicolegal importance. (c) (i) Discuss why infliximab is considered as an immunosuppressant. Mention its therapeutic uses. (ii) Describe briefly the pharmacological characteristics of natriuretic peptides and their clinical uses. What is enteric fever? What are its causative agents? Give a detailed presentation of a case according to the time of the disease and the respective tests used for diagnosis. [10M] Draw a diagram of HIV virion depicting the various antigens and proteins. Give the serological pattern in an HIV infection according to the time of presentation. List the various diseases associated with AIDS. [10M] What is virtual autopsy? State its methodology. What are its merits? [10M] Define brain death. Describe its medicolegal importance. [10M] Discuss why infliximab is considered as an immunosuppressant. Mention its therapeutic uses. [5M] Describe briefly the pharmacological characteristics of natriuretic peptides and their clinical uses. [5M] <!--qid:MAINS_2024_Medical_Science-I_Q8-->

(a) Describe the clinical features, diagnosis and treatment of Kala-azar. (b) What are the types of vaccines currently in use against Pneumococcus organisms? State the National Immunization Schedule for administering Pneumococcal Vaccine in infants. Enumerate the diseases that the Pneumococcal Vaccine can safeguard against. (c) A young female patient develops acute inflammatory papules and vesicles all over her scalp and tips of ears following repeated use of hair dye. (i) What is the diagnosis? (ii) How can the diagnosis be confirmed? (iii) How will this condition be treated? What is the diagnosis? [5M] How can the diagnosis be confirmed? [5M] How will this condition be treated? [5M] <!--qid:MAINS_2024_Medical_Science-II_Q3-->