Medical Science UPSC PYQ 2025

Briefly describe the role of lifestyle interventions in prevention of coronary artery disease. <!--qid:MAINS_2025_Medical_Science-II_Q1-->

A 23-year-old woman with type 1 diabetes mellitus presents with nausea, vomiting and altered sensorium. On examination, she is tachypneic and hypotensive. Her random blood sugar is 460 mg/dL, and routine examination of urine is positive (++) for ketone. Outline the stepwise approach to the diagnosis and management of this patient. <!--qid:MAINS_2025_Medical_Science-II_Q2-->

(i) Elaborate the indications for initiating antiviral therapy in a patient with chronic hepatitis B. (ii) Write the first-line antivirus treatment regimen for the management of chronic hepatitis B along with the recommended monitoring strategy during therapy. <!--qid:MAINS_2025_Medical_Science-II_Q3-->

(i) Classify hypertensive disorders in pregnancy. (ii) Enumerate the types and complications of eclampsia. (iii) Discuss the management of antepartum eclampsia in a 25-year-old primigravida with 32 weeks of pregnancy. <!--qid:MAINS_2025_Medical_Science-II_Q6-->

Under the National Framework for Malaria Elimination in India, what are the targets set for the years 2027 and 2030 respectively? What are the key interventions recommended for States and UTs which require intensified control and fall under Category 3? Which are the parameters employed for maintaining epidemiological surveillance over malaria? (i) Describe the WHO medical eligibility criteria for contraceptive use for women with medical conditions. (ii) Discuss the complications of intrauterine contraceptive device (IUCD). (iii) How will you manage a case of misplaced copper-T (Cu-T)? Describe the embryogenesis, clinical features and principles of management of cleft palate. <!--qid:MAINS_2025_Medical_Science-II_Q8-->

(i) How do you differentiate between acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL) and acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) based on peripheral smear and bone marrow findings? (ii) Describe the current standard of care for acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL) in adults and children. <!--qid:MAINS_2025_Medical_Science-II_Q4-->

(i) Describe the clinical features and diagnostic workup of a suspected case of peritonitis. (ii) Enumerate the principles of management of peritonitis. (iii) Enlist the important complications of peritonitis. <!--qid:MAINS_2025_Medical_Science-II_Q7-->

(i) Enumerate the advantages as well as the limitations of laparoscopic surgery. (ii) Describe the different techniques of creating pneumoperitoneum during laparoscopic surgery. <!--qid:MAINS_2025_Medical_Science-II_Q5-->