Overview Two persons, including a woman, have been granted Indian citizenship under the Citizenship (Amendment) Act 2019 (CAA) , bringing the total number of people receiving citizenship under the Act to four in Assam, according to their lawyer. This marks the first instance of a woman being granted citizenship under the Act in the northeastern state. Key Developments Citizenship Grants A 40-year-old woman who entered India from Bangladesh in 2007 and had been living in Sribhumi, and a 61-year-old man who came to the country in 1975 and had been living in Cachar, have been granted citizenship. The Ministry of Home Affairs issued the certificates on Friday, December 12, 2025 , and the citizenship is deemed effective from the day both individuals entered India. Background of the Beneficiaries The woman, originally from Bangladesh's Chittagong, came to India with a family member for treatment at Silchar Medical College and Hospital. She married a man from Sribhumi, had a son, and remained in India. She applied for citizenship after the CAA rules were notified last year. Her initial application was rejected due to confusion caused by the delimitation exercise before the Lok Sabha elections. The lawyer reapplied, and her case was finally approved. She is the first woman in Assam to receive citizenship under the CAA, and the first in the State to be granted citizenship through the registration route. The second beneficiary, a resident of Silchar town, came to India at the age of 11 from Bangladesh's Moulvibazar district, married locally, and started a family. He received citizenship through the naturalisation process. Legal Framework The woman's citizenship was granted under Section 5(1)(c) , read with Section 6B of the Citizenship Act, 1955 , which allows a person married to an Indian citizen to register as an Indian citizen after residing in India for seven years. Application Statistics The lawyer has assisted around 25 applicants over the last 18 months , but many applications were rejected or remain pending. Around 40 people have so far applied for citizenship in the State since the rules were notified last year. CAA Overview The Act enables Hindu, Christian, Buddhist, Sikh, Jain and Parsi immigrants from Bangladesh, Pakistan and Afghanistan who entered India between March 25, 1971 and December 31, 2014 to apply for citizenship. The CAA , passed on December 11, 2019 , had sparked statewide protests in Assam, leading to the death of five persons in the violence. Assam has nearly two lakh individuals identified as doubtful citizens, but only a small number have applied under the CAA so far. UPSC Relevance The Citizenship Amendment Act (CAA) is a significant piece of legislation with implications for India's citizenship laws, international relations, and social fabric. It is relevant for the UPSC syllabus under GS Paper II (Governance, Constitution, Polity, Social Justice and International relations) and GS Paper I (Modern Indian History) . Understanding the provisions of the CAA, the debates surrounding it, and its potential impact is crucial for aspirants. Key Issues for UPSC Constitutional Validity: The CAA has been challenged in the Supreme Court on grounds of violating Article 14 (equality before law) of the Constitution. Human Rights: Concerns have been raised about the exclusion of Muslim refugees and the potential for discrimination. International Relations: The CAA has strained relations with Bangladesh, which has expressed concerns about potential reverse migration. Demographic Impact: The CAA could alter the demographic composition of Assam and other northeastern states. Implementation Challenges: Identifying and processing eligible applicants under the CAA poses logistical and administrative challenges. Potential Questions for Mains Discuss the constitutional validity of the Citizenship Amendment Act (CAA) 2019. Analyze the potential impact of the CAA on India's relations with its neighboring countries. Evaluate the arguments for and against the CAA from a human rights perspective. Examine the challenges in implementing the CAA and ensuring a fair and transparent process.