Overview The Kerala government has constituted the Ashtamudi Wetland Management Unit following the Kerala High Court's expressed displeasure over delays. This unit aims to address pollution and environmental threats facing the Ashtamudi Wetland in the Kollam district. The order, dated January 7, 2026 , was issued by the Special Secretary of the Environment Department, with the District Collector serving as chairperson, adhering to the court order of July 2025 . Background A contempt plea was filed by Boris Paul , alleging non-compliance with High Court directives to conserve the Ashtamudi wetland . Earlier, a public interest litigation (PIL) was filed highlighting waste dumping and encroachments causing water pollution and mangrove forest destruction. The court directed the State government and the State Wetland Authority Kerala (SWAK) to form the wetland management unit within two months of notification and finalize an integrated management plan within six months. Key Developments Government Order: Issued on January 7, 2026 , to constitute the Ashtamudi Wetland Management Unit. Court Directives: Follows the High Court order of July 2025 , emphasizing the need for wetland conservation. Petitioner's Argument: Boris Paul argued that other aspects of the court judgment remain unaddressed. Next Hearing: The matter is scheduled for a hearing on January 22 . Ashtamudi Wetland: Significance and Challenges The Ashtamudi lake , the second biggest wetland in Kerala, was designated a Ramsar site in 2002 . However, it faces several challenges: Pollution: A sanitation survey ( 2020-2022 ) revealed serious health risks due to poor waste management. Encroachments and Siltation: Its area reduced from 61.40 sq. km to 34 sq. km , with depth reduced to less than half a metre in many areas. Ecological Damage: Mangroves and fish-breeding grounds have almost disappeared. Waste Disposal: Human waste, chemicals, and untreated hospital and commercial waste enter the wetland. Other Issues: Tourism-related waste, plastic accumulation, sand mining, unregulated housing, and pesticide use contribute to the problem. Legal and Regulatory Actions NGT Penalty: In 2023 , the National Green Tribunal imposed a penalty of ₹10 crore on the State government for failing to protect Ashtamudi Lake . PIL Filing: Due to a lack of concrete measures, petitioners filed a PIL. UPSC Relevance This news is relevant to the UPSC syllabus under GS3: Environment , covering topics such as conservation, environmental pollution, and degradation. It also touches upon GS2: Governance , specifically government policies and interventions for development in various sectors. The case highlights the importance of wetland conservation and the challenges in enforcing environmental regulations. Important Facts for UPSC Ashtamudi Wetland is a Ramsar site . The National Green Tribunal (NGT) plays a crucial role in environmental protection. Public Interest Litigations (PILs) are important tools for environmental advocacy. Wetland degradation has significant impacts on biodiversity and local livelihoods.