Dual‑Use Technologies in Modern Warfare: From GPS Spoofing to AI‑Biotech Recent conflicts, notably the Iran war , have witnessed the use of electronic interference— GPS spoofing and jamming—to disrupt enemy navigation. This underscores how technologies originally designed for civilian welfare are being repurposed for strategic advantage, creating a governance dilemma for the international community. Key Developments Electronic interference (GPS spoofing/jamming) employed in the Iran war to mislead navigation systems. Commercial satellite networks, AI‑driven drug design tools, and DNA synthesis platforms are being leveraged for surveillance, cyber‑attacks, and potential bioweapon creation. Existing treaties— BWC , NSG , Outer Space Treaty —were drafted for an earlier technological era and lag behind rapid advances. Private sector firms developing satellite, AI and biotech solutions operate largely outside traditional regulatory frameworks. Important Facts • The concept of dual‑use technology was first highlighted in a 1993 US Office of Technology Assessment report on weapons of mass destruction. • IAEA oversees verification under the NPT . • DNA synthesis companies now screen orders against databases of "sequences of concern" to curb misuse, but defining such sequences remains contentious. UPSC Relevance Understanding the dual‑use dilemma is essential for GS III (Security & International Relations) and GS II (Science & Technology). Aspirants should link: Non‑kinetic warfare tactics (e.g., GPS spoofing) to modern concepts of hybrid warfare . Governance gaps in treaties to challenges in international law and the need for updated multilateral frameworks. The role of private enterprises in shaping geopolitics, relevant for questions on the intersection of economics, technology and security. Way Forward 1. Modernise treaty language to encompass AI, biotech and space assets, ensuring verification mechanisms keep pace with innovation. 2. Strengthen export‑control regimes by improving enforcement and closing loopholes that allow sensitive equipment and software to slip through. 3. Foster a responsible innovation ecosystem —encourage industry self‑regulation, transparent screening of DNA orders, and ethical AI guidelines. 4. Enhance international cooperation through joint monitoring, capacity‑building for developing nations, and inclusive dialogues that bring private sector stakeholders into treaty negotiations. By addressing these steps, India can contribute to a balanced approach that safeguards scientific progress while mitigating security risks—a critical perspective for UPSC candidates preparing for essay and interview questions on technology and security.