Overview The ongoing air campaign by US and Israeli forces in West Asia is generating a sizeable climate footprint. Apart from the immediate humanitarian crisis, the combustion of jet fuel and the operation of naval fleets are adding large quantities of greenhouse gas emissions to the atmosphere. Key Developments US and Israeli aircraft conduct continuous sorties over Iran and the Gulf, consuming massive amounts of fuel. The nuclear powered US carriers reduce but do not eliminate emissions; auxiliary diesel generators still burn fossil fuel. Targeting of oil refineries and storage facilities in the Strait of Hormuz raises the risk of large‑scale fires and toxic plumes. Rising oil prices have sparked renewed debate on the transition to cleaner energy sources. Important Facts & Figures A peer‑reviewed study in One Earth estimates that the Gaza conflict alone emitted 33 million tonnes of CO₂‑equivalent , comparable to the annual emissions of a small country like Jordan. By contrast, the war in Ukraine has added over 300 million tonnes , roughly France’s yearly output, according to the Initiative on GHG Accounting of War . Targeted oil depots in Tehran produced “poisonous black clouds,” illustrating the direct air‑quality impact of strikes on energy infrastructure. UPSC Relevance Understanding the environmental dimension of modern warfare links directly to GS‑3 (Environment & Climate Change) . Aspirants should be able to discuss: How military operations contribute to national and global carbon footprints. The strategic importance of the Strait of Hormuz for global energy security and its vulnerability to conflict. Policy trade‑offs between immediate energy security and long‑term decarbonisation goals. The role of emerging technologies such as heat pumps in reducing dependence on fossil fuels. Way Forward For policymakers, the conflict underscores the need to: Incorporate environmental impact assessments into defence planning. Accelerate the shift to low‑carbon naval propulsion and renewable energy for bases. Strengthen international mechanisms for reporting war‑related emissions. Leverage high fossil‑fuel prices to promote clean‑energy technologies such as heat pumps and electric mobility. By linking security, energy, and climate considerations, India can formulate a holistic response that aligns with its commitments under the Paris Agreement and its own National Action Plan on Climate Change .