<h2>Overview</h2>
<p>Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy remain a leading cause of maternal and foetal morbidity worldwide. In India, the prevalence is estimated at <strong>7.8‑11%</strong>, placing the country among the highest globally. The conditions range from <span class="key-term" data-definition="Gestational hypertension — new‑onset hypertension after 20 weeks of gestation without proteinuria or organ damage (GS3: Health).">gestational hypertension</span> to the severe forms of <span class="key-term" data-definition="Pre‑eclampsia — a pregnancy‑specific syndrome of hypertension after 20 weeks accompanied by proteinuria or organ dysfunction; a major cause of maternal mortality (GS3: Health).">pre‑eclampsia</span> and <span class="key-term" data-definition="Eclampsia — the progression of pre‑eclampsia to seizures, representing a medical emergency in obstetrics (GS3: Health).">eclampsia</span>. Early detection and systematic monitoring are essential to curb the associated complications.</p>
<h2>Key Developments</h2>
<ul>
<li>Global estimates from the <span class="key-term" data-definition="World Health Organization (WHO) — United Nations agency that sets global health standards and monitors disease trends; its data guide Indian health policy (GS3: Health).">WHO</span> indicate that hypertensive disorders affect <strong>5‑10%</strong> of all pregnancies.</li>
<li>Risk factors identified include obesity, diabetes, chronic kidney disease, thyroid disorders, pre‑existing hypertension, first‑time pregnancy, twin gestations, and advanced maternal age (>40 years).</li>
<li>Complications span maternal eclampsia, stroke, acute kidney injury, pulmonary edema, liver dysfunction, placental abruption, and increased cesarean deliveries; foetal outcomes include growth restriction, preterm birth, low birth weight and higher perinatal mortality.</li>
<li>Screening protocols now recommend first‑trimester risk assessment and, for high‑risk women, initiation of <span class="key-term" data-definition="Low‑dose aspirin prophylaxis — preventive use of aspirin (usually 75‑150 mg) in high‑risk pregnant women to reduce pre‑eclampsia incidence (GS3: Health).">aspirin prophylaxis</span> to mitigate pre‑eclampsia risk.</li>
</ul>
<h2>Important Facts</h2>
<p>• <strong>Pre‑eclampsia alone affects 3‑8% of pregnancies globally</strong> (WHO).<br>
• Chronic hypertension with superimposed pre‑eclampsia constitutes a high‑risk subgroup.<br>
• Maternal mortality from hypertensive disorders remains among the top causes worldwide, underscoring the need for robust antenatal care.<br>
• Women who experience hypertensive disorders in pregnancy have a higher lifetime risk of chronic hypertension, ischemic heart disease, and stroke.</p>
<h2>UPSC Relevance</h2>
<p>The topic cuts across multiple GS papers: <strong>GS3 (Health)</strong> – understanding disease burden, preventive strategies, and health‑system response; <strong>GS4 (Ethics)</strong> – addressing equity in maternal health services; and <strong>GS1 (Socio‑Economic Development)</strong> – linking maternal health outcomes to broader development indicators. Knowledge of prevalence, risk stratification, and policy‑driven interventions such as aspirin prophylaxis equips aspirants to answer questions on public health programmes, maternal‑child health schemes, and the role of international agencies like the WHO.</p>
<h2>Way Forward</h2>
<p>• Strengthen routine antenatal screening with mandatory blood‑pressure and proteinuria checks at every visit.<br>
• Integrate risk‑assessment tools in primary health centres to identify high‑risk pregnancies early.<br>
• Expand training of obstetric care providers on the management of severe hypertension and eclampsia, including the use of magnesium sulphate.<br>
• Promote community‑level awareness on lifestyle factors—nutrition, weight management, and avoidance of tobacco—to curb modifiable risks.<br>
• Encourage research collaborations to monitor trends and evaluate the impact of preventive measures such as low‑dose aspirin.</p>
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