Overview
India has built a unique Digital Public Infrastructure (DPI) that combines three large‑scale public rails: Aadhaar, the Unified Payments Interface (UPI), and the DEPA/Account Aggregator. No other country has integrated all three at India’s scale.
Key Developments
- From September 2016 to 2019, the price of a gigabyte fell from about $4 to under 30 cents.
- Over 500 million Indians came online in five years, expanding the digital economy.
- Direct‑benefit transfers now reach the last village.
- Aadhaar enrolled 1.4 billion people, turning identity verification into a cheap API call.
- UPI processes about 20 billion transactions a month at near‑zero cost.
- Data became effectively free as a single telecom player built a nationwide 4G network and priced services at marginal cost, forcing competitors to match.
Important Facts
The convergence of identity, payments and data has created a low‑cost, high‑volume ecosystem. By subsidising the fixed cost of broadband and keeping marginal prices low