Congress leader Jairam Ramesh on 19 May 2026 warned that the Great Nicobar Biosphere Reserve is now "hugely endangered". He blames the BJP-led Centre for pushing a commercial project called the Great Nicobar Island Project.
Key Developments
- Ramesh highlighted that India has 18 designated biosphere reserves, of which 13 are part of the UNESCO World Network of Biosphere Reserves.
- The Great Nicobar reserve, declared in 2013, is the only one now facing severe threat due to the proposed development.
- The Centre argues the project is needed for strategic security, while critics say it jeopardises ecological and cultural diversity.
Important Facts
• India’s biosphere reserves cover diverse ecosystems, from the Himalayas to coastal islands.
• Thirteen of the 18 reserves are internationally recognised under UNESCO’s framework.
• The Great Nicobar reserve hosts unique flora, fauna and indigenous communities, making it a critical conservation zone.
Exam Relevance
The issue touches several UPSC themes:
- Environment and Ecology (GS3): Understanding the role of biosphere reserves, their legal status, and the balance between development and conservation.
- Federalism and Centre‑State Relations (GS2): The clash between a central government project and environmental concerns raised by opposition leaders.
- International Commitments (GS3): India’s obligations under UNESCO conventions and how they influence domestic policy.
- Strategic Policy (GS2): The Centre’s justification based on national security and strategic interests in the Indian Ocean region.
Way Forward
• Conduct an independent environmental impact assessment before any further work.
• Strengthen the legal framework protecting Biosphere Reserve status, ensuring compliance with UNESCO guidelines.
• Encourage dialogue between the Modi government, state authorities, scientists and local communities to find a balanced solution.
• Use the episode as a case study for UPSC aspirants on the challenges of reconciling development, security and environmental stewardship.