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Supreme Court ने Dawoodi Bohra Head की Excommunication Power पर Sabarimala Reference के बीच विचार-विमर्श किया

Supreme Court, Sabarimala reference के तेरहवें दिन की सुनवाई करते हुए, यह जांचा कि क्या Dawoodi Bohra Head की सदस्यों को बहिष्कृत करने की शक्ति संविधान के अनुच्छेद 25(1), 26(b) और 21 का उल्लंघन करती है। वरिष्ठ वकील Raju Ramachandran ने तर्क दिया कि मनमाना बहिष्कार मौलिक अधिकारों से वंचित करने के बराबर है, जिससे बेंच ने धार्मिक मामलों में अनियंत्रित न्यायिक हस्तक्षेप के खिलाफ चेतावनी दी।
Supreme Court की Dawoodi Bohra Excommunication पर सुनवाई The Supreme Court is hearing the thirteenth day of the Sabarimala reference . The matter concerns the power of the Dawoodi Bohra religious head (the Dai) to excommunicate members. मुख्य विकास (2026 तक) Senior Advocate Raju Ramachandran representing the Central Board of Dawoodi Bohra Community argues that excommunication is being used arbitrarily, reducing members to "slaves" and violating their fundamental rights. The bench queried whether the power is protected under Article 26(b) and stressed that it cannot override rights under Article 25(1) . Justices BV Nagarathna and MM Sundresh warned that unchecked judicial interference in religious matters could erode India’s civilizational fabric. The bench examined the procedural history: a writ petition filed in 1986 challenging the 1962 Sardar Syedna judgment; a 5‑judge bench in 2023 referred the issue to the 9‑judge bench. Advocate Ramachandran contended that excommunication amounts to "civil death" and infringes Article 21 as well as religious freedom. महत्वपूर्ण तथ्य The excommunication power, though rooted in internal religious discipline, is being exercised for reasons unrelated to doctrinal violations (e.g., reading a magazine). The petitioners argue that when the sancti
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Overview

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SC probes limits of religious excommunication vs constitutional freedoms amid Sabarimala saga

Key Facts

  1. Supreme Court is hearing the 13th day of the Sabarimala reference, focusing on Dawoodi Bohra excommunication power.
  2. The case examines whether the Dai's power to excommunicate is protected under Article 26(b) and how it interacts with Article 25(1) and Article 21.
  3. A writ petition filed in 1986 challenges the 1962 Sardar Syedna judgment that upheld Bombay law restricting excommunication.
  4. In 2023, a 5‑judge bench referred the matter to a 9‑judge bench for a definitive ruling.
  5. Senior Advocate Raju Ramachandran argues that excommunication amounts to "civil death" and violates fundamental rights.
  6. Justices BV Nagarathna, MM Sundresh warned that unchecked judicial interference could erode India's civilizational fabric.
  7. Justice Amanullah raised the proportionality question: can courts assess the reasonableness of a religious head's disciplinary action?

Background & Context

The dispute highlights the constitutional tension between Article 26(b) – which grants religious denominations autonomy in internal affairs – and the broader guarantees of religious freedom (Art. 25) and the right to life and dignity (Art. 21). It underscores the debate on judicial activism in matters of faith, a recurring theme in GS‑2 and GS‑4.

UPSC Syllabus Connections

Essay•Society, Gender and Social JusticePrelims_GS•Constitution and Political SystemGS4•Case Studies on ethical issuesGS2•Historical underpinnings, evolution, features, amendments, significant provisions and basic structureGS4•Dimensions of ethics - private and public relationshipsPrelims_GS•Public Policy and Rights IssuesGS1•Salient features of Indian Society and Diversity of IndiaEssay•Philosophy, Ethics and Human ValuesPrelims_GS•National Current AffairsGS4•Essence, determinants and consequences of Ethics in human actions

Mains Answer Angle

GS‑2: Discuss the balance between religious autonomy and individual rights in the context of the Dawoodi Bohra excommunication case; GS‑4: Evaluate the ethical implications of judicial intervention in religious practices.

Full Article

<h2>Supreme Court की Dawoodi Bohra Excommunication पर सुनवाई</h2> <p>The <span class="key-term" data-definition="Supreme Court — भारत का सर्वोच्च न्यायिक निकाय जो संविधान की व्याख्या करता है और मौलिक अधिकारों से संबंधित विवादों का निपटारा करता है (GS2: Polity)">Supreme Court</span> is hearing the thirteenth day of the <span class="key-term" data-definition="Sabarimala reference — महिलाओं के Sabarimala मंदिर में प्रवेश से संबंधित मामलों का समूह, जो धार्मिक स्वतंत्रता बनाम लिंग समानता पर प्रश्न उठाता है (GS2: Polity)">Sabarimala reference</span>. The matter concerns the power of the <span class="key-term" data-definition="Dawoodi Bohra community — एक शिया मुस्लिम संप्रदाय जिसका नेतृत्वात्मक ढांचा है; इसका आंतरिक शासन धार्मिक स्वायत्तता बनाम व्यक्तिगत अधिकारों के मुद्दे उठाता है (GS1: History, GS2: Polity)">Dawoodi Bohra</span> religious head (the Dai) to excommunicate members.</p> <h3>मुख्य विकास (2026 तक)</h3> <ul> <li>Senior Advocate <strong>Raju Ramachandran</strong> representing the Central Board of Dawoodi Bohra Community argues that excommunication is being used arbitrarily, reducing members to "slaves" and violating their fundamental rights.</li> <li>The bench queried whether the power is protected under <span class="key-term" data-definition="Article 26(b) — एक संवैधानिक प्रावधान जो एक धार्मिक संप्रदाय को अपने मामलों का प्रबंधन करने का अधिकार देता है, सार्वजनिक व्यवस्था, नैतिकता और स्वास्थ्य के अधीन (GS2: Polity)">Article 26(b)</span> and stressed that it cannot override rights under <span class="key-term" data-definition="Article 25(1) — सम्मति की स्वतंत्रता और धर्म का स्वतंत्र रूप से पालन, अभ्यास और प्रचार करने का अधिकार सुनिश्चित करता है, सार्वजनिक व्यवस्था, नैतिकता और स्वास्थ्य के अधीन (GS2: Polity)">Article 25(1)</span>.</li> <li>Justices <strong>BV Nagarathna</strong> and <strong>MM Sundresh</strong> warned that unchecked judicial interference in religious matters could erode India’s civilizational fabric.</li> <li>The bench examined the procedural history: a writ petition filed in <strong>1986</strong> challenging the 1962 <span class="key-term" data-definition="Sardar Syedna judgment — 1962 का Supreme Court निर्णय जो बॉम्बे कानून को upheld करता है जिसने बहिष्कार को प्रतिबंधित किया, इस प्रकार धार्मिक प्रमुख की अनुशासनात्मक शक्तियों को सीमित किया (GS2: Polity)">Sardar Syedna</span> judgment; a 5‑judge bench in <strong>2023</strong> referred the issue to the 9‑judge bench.</li> <li>Advocate Ramachandran contended that excommunication amounts to "civil death" and infringes <span class="key-term" data-definition="Article 21 — जीवन और व्यक्तिगत स्वतंत्रता का अधिकार सुनिश्चित करता है, जिसमें गरिमा, स्वास्थ्य और आजीविका शामिल है (GS2: Polity)">Article 21</span> as well as religious freedom.</li> </ul> <h3>महत्वपूर्ण तथ्य</h3> <ul> <li>The excommunication power, though rooted in internal religious discipline, is being exercised for reasons unrelated to doctrinal violations (e.g., reading a magazine).</li> <li>The petitioners argue that when the sancti</li> </ul>
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Analysis

Practice Questions

Prelims_GS
Easy
Prelims MCQ

संवैधानिक प्रावधान – Article 26(b)

1 marks
3 keywords
GS2
Medium
Mains Short Answer

धार्मिक स्वतंत्रता बनाम व्यक्तिगत अधिकार

10 marks
5 keywords
GS4
Hard
Case Study

नीति, शासन और धार्मिक स्वतंत्रता

250 marks
5 keywords
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Key Insight

SC probes limits of religious excommunication vs constitutional freedoms amid Sabarimala saga

Key Facts

  1. Supreme Court is hearing the 13th day of the Sabarimala reference, focusing on Dawoodi Bohra excommunication power.
  2. The case examines whether the Dai's power to excommunicate is protected under Article 26(b) and how it interacts with Article 25(1) and Article 21.
  3. A writ petition filed in 1986 challenges the 1962 Sardar Syedna judgment that upheld Bombay law restricting excommunication.
  4. In 2023, a 5‑judge bench referred the matter to a 9‑judge bench for a definitive ruling.
  5. Senior Advocate Raju Ramachandran argues that excommunication amounts to "civil death" and violates fundamental rights.
  6. Justices BV Nagarathna, MM Sundresh warned that unchecked judicial interference could erode India's civilizational fabric.
  7. Justice Amanullah raised the proportionality question: can courts assess the reasonableness of a religious head's disciplinary action?

Background

The dispute highlights the constitutional tension between Article 26(b) – which grants religious denominations autonomy in internal affairs – and the broader guarantees of religious freedom (Art. 25) and the right to life and dignity (Art. 21). It underscores the debate on judicial activism in matters of faith, a recurring theme in GS‑2 and GS‑4.

UPSC Syllabus

  • Essay — Society, Gender and Social Justice
  • Prelims_GS — Constitution and Political System
  • GS4 — Case Studies on ethical issues
  • GS2 — Historical underpinnings, evolution, features, amendments, significant provisions and basic structure
  • GS4 — Dimensions of ethics - private and public relationships
  • Prelims_GS — Public Policy and Rights Issues
  • GS1 — Salient features of Indian Society and Diversity of India
  • Essay — Philosophy, Ethics and Human Values
  • Prelims_GS — National Current Affairs
  • GS4 — Essence, determinants and consequences of Ethics in human actions
Explore:Current Affairs·Editorial Analysis·Govt Schemes·Study Materials·Previous Year Questions·UPSC GPT

Mains Angle

GS‑2: Discuss the balance between religious autonomy and individual rights in the context of the Dawoodi Bohra excommunication case; GS‑4: Evaluate the ethical implications of judicial intervention in religious practices.

Supreme Court ने Dawoodi Bohra Head की Exc... | UPSC Current Affairs