Overview The Supreme Court on 2 February 2026 ordered the Union government to constitute a tribunal to resolve the long‑standing water‑sharing dispute between Tamil Nadu and Karnataka over the Pennaiyar and its tributary Markandeya . The directive follows a series of legal and administrative steps initiated after the Madras‑Mysore Agreement of 1892 and reflects the growing expectations of the people of Tamil Nadu, voiced by the state’s Water Resources Minister Duraimurugan . Key Developments Development 1: On 14 November 2019 , the Supreme Court granted Tamil Nadu liberty to approach the Union for a tribunal, setting the judicial backdrop for the dispute. Development 2: The Union’s Ministry of Jal Shakti formed a Negotiation Committee in January 2020 and submitted a favourable report on 31 July 2020 , but the constitution of the tribunal was subsequently delayed, prompting renewed state pressure. Development 3: After multiple meetings—including a direct appeal to the Union Minister of Jal Shakti on 6 July 2021 —the Supreme Court finally issued a fresh order on 2 February 2026 mandating tribunal formation within a month. Important Facts Fact 1: The Madras‑Mysore Agreement (1892) obliges Karnataka to obtain Tamil Nadu’s concurrence before undertaking any construction on the Pennaiyar and Markandeya rivers. Fact 2: The Supreme Court’s latest directive explicitly requires the Union to submit a report on the outcome of the Second Pennaiyar Negotiation Committee before constituting the tribunal. UPSC Relevance This episode is directly relevant to the UPSC syllabus under General Studies Paper II (Governance) and Paper III (Technology, Economic Development, Biodiversity, Environment, Security and Disaster Management). It illustrates centre‑state relations, inter‑state river‑water disputes, the role of the judiciary in federal conflicts, and the functioning of specialised tribunals under the Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act and the Inter‑State River Water Disputes Act. Questions may probe the legal framework of inter‑state water sharing, the significance of historic agreements, and the procedural aspects of tribunal constitution. Way Forward Effective implementation of the tribunal will require swift coordination between the Union, the two states, and the judiciary. A transparent, science‑based adjudication mechanism can set a precedent for resolving other river disputes such as Cauvery and Krishna. Strengthening the institutional capacity of the Ministry of Jal Shakti and ensuring timely compliance with Supreme Court orders will be crucial for maintaining federal harmony and sustainable water management.