Overview The Supreme Court has expanded the scope of maternity benefits by recognising that adoptive mothers are entitled to 12 weeks of paid leave regardless of the child’s age at adoption. The decision overturns a prior rule that limited leave to adoptions completed within three months, and it also urges the legislature to introduce statutory paternity leave as a social‑security benefit. Key Developments Adoptive mothers now receive 12 weeks of paid maternity leave irrespective of the child’s age. The earlier restriction—leave only for adoptions finalized within three months—has been struck down. The Court highlighted adoption as an "expression of reproductive autonomy" and stressed the need for emotional bonding through sustained caregiving. Judges J.B. Pardiwala and R. Mahadevan urged the government to legally recognise paternity leave as a right. Important Facts The petition was filed by Hamsaanandini Nanduri , who challenged the restrictive provision in the Maternity Benefit Act , recently subsumed under the Code on Social Security . The Court observed that the legal process of adoption often exceeds three months, making the earlier rule impractical. By equating adoption with biological motherhood, the judgment reinforces gender‑neutral parenting and challenges the patriarchal view that child‑rearing is a women‑only responsibility. UPSC Relevance This judgment touches upon several UPSC‑relevant themes: constitutional interpretation and judicial activism ; social justice and gender equality under Articles 14, 15 and 21 of the Constitution; the evolving concept of family and reproductive rights; and the economic implications of the gender pay gap , as highlighted by Nobel laureate Claudia Goldin . Understanding these intersections is crucial for GS‑2 (Polity) and GS‑3 (Economy) papers. Way Forward Effective implementation requires amendment of the Code on Social Security to remove age‑based restrictions, and the formulation of a comprehensive paternity leave policy. State and central agencies must sensitize employers, especially in the unorganised sector, and set up monitoring mechanisms to ensure compliance across the country. Public awareness campaigns can further shift societal attitudes towards shared parenting responsibilities, thereby narrowing the gender pay gap and promoting inclusive growth.