The Supreme Court on 18 May 2026 criticised two recent two‑judge decisions for deviating from the 2021 KA Najeeb precedent. In a judgment allowing bail to Syed Iftikhar Andrabi, who had spent over six years in custody under the UAPA, the bench underscored that bail remains the rule and jail the exception, even in terrorism‑related cases.

Key Developments

Justices BV Nagarathna and Ujjal Bhuyan held that the two‑judge benches in Gurwinder Singh v. Union of India and Gulfisha Fatima v. State misapplied the law by ignoring the binding ratio of KA Najeeb.
The Court rejected the "two‑prong" test (prima facie merit + no merit) that had been advanced in those cases, calling it contrary to the spirit of Section 43D(5).
Justice Bhuyan reiterated that a smaller bench must follow the precedent of a larger bench or refer the matter to a larger bench, invoking the principle of stare decisis.
The judgment cited low conviction rates in UAPA cases and stressed that prolonged pre‑trial detention infringes Article 21 rights.
In the specific bail order, the Court granted liberty to Andrabi, who faces charges under the NIA, NDPS Act and UAPA, after six years of detention.

Important Facts

Case: Syed Iftikhar Andrabi vs NIA, SLP(Crl) 1090/2026, citation 2026 LiveLaw (SC) 512.
Arrest date: 11 June 2020; alleged involvement in cross‑border heroin trafficking to fund terrorist groups such as Lashkar‑e‑Taiba and Hizbul Mujahideen.
Charges: NDPS Act (Secs 8, 21, 25, 29), UAPA (Secs 17, 38, 40) and IPC 120‑B (conspiracy).
Previous bail applications were rejected by the Special NIA Court (Aug 2024) and the Jammu & Kashmir High Court (Aug 2025).
The Supreme Court’s observation aligns with the 2024 Sheikh Javed Iqbal decision, which also granted bail on the ground of trial delay.

UPSC Relevance

The judgment illustrates the interplay between constitutional guarantees (especially Article 21) and stringent anti‑terror statutes like UAPA. Aspirants should note how the Supreme Court balances national security concerns with individual liberty, a recurring theme in GS 2 (Polity) and GS 3 (Security). The principle of stare decisis and the doctrine that "bail is the rule, jail is the exception" are vital for answering questions on judicial hierarchy and criminal justice reforms.

Way Forward

Lower courts are expected to apply the KA Najeeb test—i.e., consider bail when trial delay is unreasonable—rather than inventing ad‑hoc "two‑prong" criteria.
Legislature may consider amending Section 43D(5) to align statutory rigidity with constitutional safeguards.
Continuous monitoring of conviction rates in UAPA cases can inform policy reforms aimed at preventing misuse of pre‑trial detention.

Overall, the judgment re‑affirms that even in terrorism‑related prosecutions, constitutional rights and judicial precedents cannot be sidelined.