Overview The Supreme Court has initiated a Suo Motu proceeding against illegal sand mining in the National Chambal Sanctuary . The mining activity threatens the habitat of the critically endangered Gharial , forcing the reptiles to relocate. Key Developments Justices Vikram Nath and Sandeep Mehta formed a bench to examine the issue. The matter has been placed before the CJI Surya Kant for appropriate orders. Recent newspaper reports and a CSR‑submitted study highlighted rampant mining within the sanctuary, including areas where the state government released gharials. Justice Mehta emphasized that the mining is displacing the gharial population and jeopardising the ongoing preservation programme. Important Facts The sanctuary lies at a tripoint of Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh . It was notified in 1979 primarily to protect the dwindling gharial population. Illegal sand mining not only degrades riverine habitats but also undermines biodiversity conservation commitments under the Convention on Biological Diversity . UPSC Relevance Understanding this case helps aspirants link environmental law, wildlife protection, and inter‑state coordination with the broader governance framework. It illustrates: Judicial activism through Suo Motu powers (GS2: Polity). Implementation challenges of protected‑area legislation such as the Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972 (GS4: Environment). The role of the judiciary in enforcing environmental regulations and safeguarding endangered species (GS4). Inter‑state administrative complexities at a tripoint region, relevant for federal‑state relations (GS2). Way Forward Potential actions include: Issuing a stay on all sand‑mining activities within the sanctuary until a detailed environmental impact assessment is completed. Formulating a joint monitoring mechanism among the three states, possibly under the National Green Tribunal , to ensure compliance. Strengthening on‑ground enforcement by forest and wildlife officials, and imposing stringent penalties for violations. Launching community‑based awareness programmes to highlight the ecological importance of gharials and the adverse effects of sand mining. These steps would align legal action with conservation goals, reinforcing India’s commitment to biodiversity preservation.