Tamil Nadu’s Stance on Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya Scheme The Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya (JNV) scheme has come under scrutiny in Tamil Nadu . The state argues that the scheme’s mandatory Three‑Language Formula conflicts with Tamil Nadu’s statutory Two‑Language Policy enacted through the Tamil Nadu Tamil Learning Act, 2006 . Key Developments On 15 December 2025 , the Supreme Court directed the Union and Tamil Nadu governments to consult on establishing JNVs in every district. In an affidavit filed on 5 January 2026 , Tamil Nadu highlighted legal incompatibility, fiscal concerns, and existing state‑run alternatives. The state proposed extending central assistance to its 38 Model Residential Schools rather than creating new JNVs. It also raised the issue of delayed central share under the Samagra Shiksha scheme, with only 16.86% (2024‑25) and 4.75% (2025‑26) of approved funds released. Important Facts • The two‑language policy stems from a 23 January 1968 resolution of the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly and was given statutory force in 2006. • Each Model Residential School costs about ₹50 crore in capital expenditure; total annual operating cost for 38 schools is roughly ₹210 crore , fully borne by the state. • In the academic year 2024‑25, these schools placed 1,340 students in premier all‑India institutions and secured several fully funded international scholarships. • The central share approved for Tamil Nadu under Samagra Shiksha for FY 2024‑25 and 2025‑26 totals ₹3,998.82 crore , but only ₹450.60 crore has been released. UPSC Relevance The case underscores the interplay between the Concurrent List and federalism. Aspirants should note how state legislation (Tamil Nadu Tamil Learning Act) can challenge centrally sponsored schemes, invoking constitutional provisions and the principle of cooperative federalism. The dispute also touches upon language policy, a recurring theme in GS‑2, and the implementation challenges of national education programmes, relevant for GS‑3 (Education) and GS‑4 (Ethics, Integrity, and Aptitude). Understanding the legal route—affidavits, Supreme Court directives, and state‑centre negotiations—is vital for answering questions on Centre‑State relations. Way Forward • The Union may consider redesigning the JNV framework to respect Tamil Nadu’s two‑language mandate, possibly by making Hindi optional. • Prompt release of the pending Samagra Shiksha funds would address fiscal constraints and improve overall school‑education outcomes. • A collaborative model where central funds are channeled to existing Model Residential Schools could achieve the objectives of quality rural education without duplicating infrastructure. • Continued judicial oversight may shape future Centre‑State negotiations on education‑related schemes, reinforcing the need for policy alignment with constitutional and statutory provisions.