Overview Recent conflicts, notably the Iran war, have shown that non‑kinetic tools like GPS spoofing can disrupt enemy communications and intelligence. Such incidents illustrate the broader phenomenon of dual‑use technology , where innovations originally meant for public welfare are repurposed for warfare. Key Developments Electronic interference (GPS jamming/spoofing) used to mislead navigation in the Iran conflict. Commercial satellite constellations providing real‑time intelligence, yet facing pressure to operate in contested regions. Advances in AI‑driven biotechnology enabling rapid vaccine design but also raising bio‑security concerns. International frameworks (NPT, BWC, Outer Space Treaty) struggling to keep pace with rapid diffusion of dual‑use tools. Important Facts 1. Non‑kinetic tactics such as jamming have become integral to modern warfare, blurring the line between civilian and military domains. 2. The IAEA and the NSG are the main pillars of nuclear dual‑use governance. 3. The BWC addresses bio‑dual‑use risks, but new tools like DNA‑synthesis services and AI‑driven design challenge its enforcement. 4. Space activities are governed by the Outer Space Treaty , yet commercial satellite operators are increasingly entangled in geopolitical disputes. UPSC Relevance Understanding dual‑use technologies is essential for multiple GS papers. For GS1 , the historical evolution from nuclear to AI‑driven dual‑use tools reflects changing security paradigms. GS