Overview The U.S. and Israel have launched a series of aerial strikes on Iran under the pretext of neutralising its nuclear programme . The operation, announced by President Donald Trump as “major combat operations”, has escalated into a broader regional conflict that now threatens India’s strategic interests in the Gulf and South Asia. Key Developments U.S. President Donald Trump declared the start of “major combat operations” in Iran and hinted at a post‑war regime change. Israel and the U.S. are employing heavy munitions, including 2,000‑lb penetrator bombs , against Iranian targets and Lebanese sites. Iran has responded with a wider regional offensive, targeting U.S. bases and deepening the Shia‑Sunni faultline across the Gulf. India faces indirect risks: over nine million Indian expatriates work in the Gulf, contributing about 1.2% of India’s GDP through remittances, and the conflict threatens oil supplies. Important Facts The article draws parallels with past interventions: The ISAF operation in Afghanistan was justified under UN Security Council Resolutions 1368 and 1373 , yet later morphed into a nation‑building effort with limited success. In Iraq, the 2003 invasion aimed at removing Saddam Hussein and alleged weapons of mass destruction, but the aftermath left a fragile stability that could be destabilised by regional upheavals. The current strike lacks a clear, singular objective—whether it is regime change, nuclear containment, or weakening Iran’s missile capability. UPSC Relevance For aspirants, this episode touches upon multiple GS papers: GS‑2 (Polity & International Relations) : Understanding the dynamics of U.S.‑Israel strategic partnership, Iran’s theocratic governance, and the impact of sectarian divides on regional security. GS‑3 (Economy) : Assessing how Gulf instability can affect India’s remittance inflows, oil prices, and balance of payments. GS‑1 (History) : Learning from past interventions (Afghanistan, Iraq) to evaluate the feasibility of nation‑building and regime‑change policies. GS‑4 (Ethics) : Debating the moral implications of external powers using force under humanitarian pretexts without clear post‑conflict plans. Way Forward India should adopt a multi‑pronged approach: Maintain diplomatic engagement with all stakeholders—Washington, Jerusalem, Tehran—to safeguard Indian nationals and energy security. Strengthen intelligence cooperation with Gulf states to monitor spill‑over risks, especially along the Shia‑Sunni faultline . Prepare contingency plans for evacuation of Indian workers and ensure insurance mechanisms for remittance flows. Advocate for a diplomatic resolution that addresses Iran’s legitimate security concerns while curbing its destabilising activities, aligning with India’s principle of non‑interference and strategic autonomy. By analysing the geopolitical calculus, historical precedents, and economic stakes, UPSC candidates can craft nuanced answers on South‑Asian security, energy geopolitics, and the limits of external intervention.