Since the founding of the People’s Republic of China in 1949, three leaders— Mao Zedong , Deng Xiaoping and Xi Jinping —have shaped the nation’s political trajectory. While each projected unquestioned authority, recent events suggest that the party’s internal cohesion may be eroding. Key Developments (2025‑2026) Removal of General Zhang Youxia and Gen. Liu Zhenli from the top decision‑making body of the CPC . Expulsion of nine military lawmakers, including Ground Force Commander Li Qiaoming and Information Support Force Political Commissar Li Wei. State media described Zhang as “a toxin that had to be incised,” hinting at internal factionalism. Parallel to earlier purges: Liu Shaoqi’s fall during Mao’s era and anti‑corruption drives under Deng. China’s diplomatic setbacks: failure to counter U.S. influence in Venezuela and inability to prevent the attack on Iran that killed Ayatollah Khamenei. Strategic reticence: subdued promotion of the Arctic cargo route (the so‑called “Polar Silk Road”). Important Facts The PLA remains under the direct control of the CMC . Recent removals from the CMC and the National People’s Congress indicate a pattern where purges serve both anti‑corruption rhetoric and power‑consolidation objectives. Analysts note a growing trust deficit within the party and the broader populace, exacerbated by a sluggish economy and perceived diplomatic failures. UPSC Relevance GS1 (History): Understanding the continuity and change from Mao’s revolutionary era to Xi’s contemporary governance. GS2 (Polity): Insight into intra‑party dynamics, the role of the CPC , and the use of anti‑corruption purges as a tool for political centralisation. GS3 (Economy): Impact of internal instability on China’s economic reforms, innovation sectors (EVs, AI, pharmaceuticals) and trade initiatives like the “Polar Silk Road”. GS4 (Security & International Relations): Implications of China’s cautious foreign policy, especially in the Western Hemisphere, West Asia, and the Arctic, for India’s strategic calculations. Way Forward For policymakers and aspirants, the key take‑aways are: Monitor future personnel changes in the CMC and the National People’s Congress as indicators of factional balance. Assess how the trust deficit may affect China’s domestic reforms and external assertiveness. Evaluate China’s strategic restraint in the Arctic and its diplomatic setbacks to gauge whether Beijing will adopt a more collaborative or confrontational stance toward the U.S. and India. Consider the role of anti‑corruption narratives in shaping future governance models within the CPC . Understanding these dynamics equips UPSC candidates to answer questions on China’s political stability, foreign policy orientation, and the implications for India’s security and economic interests.