Overview On 13 March 2026 , the National People's Congress (NPC) approved a new statute titled “ Promoting Ethnic Unity and Progress ”. The law seeks to forge a single national identity among the country’s 55 recognised ethnic minorities, positioning the Han Chinese as the cultural core. Critics argue that the legislation accelerates assimilation, curtails minority languages, and criminalises dissent as “separatism”. Key Developments Passed with 2,756 votes in favour , three against and three abstentions. Mandates Mandarin as the primary medium of instruction and official business. Requires Mandarin to have “prominence” when used alongside minority languages in public settings. Calls for “Sinicization” of religious institutions, aligning them with state ideology. Prohibits interference in marriage choices based on ethnicity, religion or custom to encourage inter‑marriage. Extends anti‑separatism provisions to foreign individuals and organisations that “undermine ethnic unity”. Important Facts China officially recognises 56 ethnic groups , with the Han majority comprising >91% of the 1.4 billion population. Minority groups such as Tibetans, Uyghurs, Mongols, Hui and Manchus inhabit roughly half of China’s land area, rich in natural resources. The law’s stated objectives include integration through education, housing, migration, tourism and development policy, while professing respect for minority languages and scripts. UPSC Relevance The legislation touches upon several UPSC‑relevant themes: Federalism & Governance (GS2) : The NPC’s role in shaping national identity and the central‑state relationship. Minority Rights (GS2 & GS3) : Balancing cultural preservation with state‑led integration; parallels with India’s constitutional safeguards for Scheduled Tribes and Castes. Language Policy (GS2) : Mandarin’s elevation mirrors