Overview The Enforcement Directorate (ED) has provisionally attached about ₹10.24 crore spread across 94 bank accounts linked to the HPZ Token scam. The investigation revealed a sophisticated network involving mule accounts , shell companies , and the misuse of payment aggregator services such as PayU, Aggrepay and Easebuzz. Key Developments ED attached ₹10.24 crore in 94 accounts as a provisional measure. Investigation traced fund flow from investors to the main accused, Bhupesh Arora , his father Gulshan Arora and associates. Initial collections were made through multiple UPI IDs linked to mule accounts at a private bank. Subsequent transfers were routed to various shell companies that misused payment aggregators for layering. A small portion of the money was cycled back to investors to create a false sense of legitimacy and attract fresh capital. Total proceeds of the alleged crime are estimated at ₹2,200 crore , with more than ₹662 crore already attached. Important Facts The scam leveraged digital payment infrastructure to move large sums quickly, exploiting the anonymity of mule accounts and the low‑friction nature of UPI . By channeling funds through shell companies and misrepresenting transactions on payment aggregators , the perpetrators attempted to ‘layer’ the Proceeds of Crime and make detection harder. UPSC Relevance This case illustrates the challenges of regulating digital finance, a topic frequently asked in GS‑3 (Economy) and GS‑2 (Polity) . Understanding the role of the ED , the mechanics of money‑laundering (placement, layering, integration), and the regulatory gaps in payment aggregators can help aspirants answer questions on financial crimes, cyber‑security, and the need for robust fintech governance. Way Forward Strengthen oversight of payment aggregators through mandatory KYC and transaction monitoring. Introduce real‑time tracking of large‑value transfers on UPI to flag suspicious patterns. Enhance inter‑agency coordination between the ED , the Financial Intelligence Unit and the Reserve Bank of India for quicker attachment of illicit assets. Promote public awareness about investment scams, emphasizing that unusually high returns often signal fraud.