Overview The Union Health Ministry has announced a nationwide rollout of a HPV vaccination programme targeting girls aged 14. The scheme will use a single‑dose schedule recommended by the WHO . Administration will be confined to government health facilities under the supervision of trained medical officers and equipped teams for post‑vaccination monitoring. Key Developments Vaccination will be delivered at designated public health centres with trained medical officers and support staff. Only a AEFI surveillance system will be operational to record and manage any side‑effects. The programme adopts a single‑dose approach, aligning with global best practice. Implementation will require a robust cold chain to maintain vaccine efficacy. Important Facts India bears a disproportionate share of the global cervical cancer burden. The SEARO records the second‑highest incidence and death rates among WHO regions, and India accounts for over 65% of this load. In 2022, the country reported 127,526 new cases and 79,906 deaths from cervical cancer, making it the second most common cancer among Indian women. Screening coverage remains abysmally low at 1.9% for women aged 30‑49. Scientific evidence links more than 80% of cervical cancers in India to persistent infection with high‑risk HPV types 16 and 18. International experience shows that single‑dose HPV vaccination can markedly reduce infection rates, precancerous lesions, and ultimately cervical cancer incidence. The programme’s credibility must address past concerns. A 2009‑10 HPV vaccine trial in Andhra Pradesh and Gujarat resulted in the deaths of seven participants. An ICMR investigation could not conclusively link the deaths to the vaccine, but highlighted the need for rigorous AEFI investigation. UPSC Relevance Understanding this initiative touches upon multiple GS papers: GS2 (Health) – disease burden, vaccination strategy, and regulatory oversight; GS3 (Economy & Development) – public‑health financing, infrastructure like cold chain, and impact on human capital; GS1 (International Relations) – alignment with WHO recommendations and global health security; and GS4 (Ethics) – issues of informed consent, transparency, and handling past controversies. Way Forward Strengthen the cold chain network, especially in remote areas. Ensure real‑time, transparent reporting of AEFI and swift investigation by ICMR . Integrate HPV vaccination with existing adolescent health programmes to improve coverage. Scale up cervical cancer screening (e.g., VIA, HPV DNA testing) to complement vaccination and achieve early detection. Launch public‑awareness campaigns to counter vaccine hesitancy, emphasizing scientific evidence and safety.