Overview India is significantly boosting its research and development (R&D) ecosystem with strategic investments and policy reforms. The launch of the ₹1 lakh crore RDI Scheme is a major step towards fostering private sector-led innovation. This initiative aligns with the government's vision of Viksit Bharat@2047 , emphasizing the critical role of science and technology in national development. Key Developments R&D Expenditure and Growth India's Gross Expenditure on Research and Development (GERD) has more than doubled from ₹60,196.75 crore in 2010–11 to ₹1,27,380.96 crore in 2020–21 . Per capita R&D expenditure has increased from PPP$ 29.2 in 2007–08 to PPP$ 42.0 in 2020–21 . PPP (Purchasing Power Parity) adjusts for price differences between countries for accurate spending power comparison. The government sector contributes approximately 64% of total GERD, while the private sector accounts for about 36% . India awarded 40,813 doctorates in 2018–19 , with 24,474 (60%) in Science and Technology, ranking 3rd globally in S&E PhDs. Patent filings in India nearly tripled from 24,326 in 2020–21 to 68,176 in 2024–25 . Research Development and Innovation (RDI) Scheme The Research Development and Innovation (RDI) Scheme , launched on November 3, 2025 , with a fund of ₹1 lakh crore , aims to strengthen India’s R&D ecosystem by building a private sector–driven innovation environment. Emerging Science, Technology and Innovation Conclave (ESTIC) 2025 The Emerging Science, Technology and Innovation Conclave (ESTIC) 2025 was inaugurated on November 3, 2025 , at Bharat Mandapam, New Delhi , and held from November 3-5, 2025 . ESTIC-2025 is envisioned as India’s premier annual flagship platform for advancing scientific collaboration and innovation, bringing together over 3,000 participants . The theme is “Viksit Bharat 2047 – Pioneering Sustainable Innovation, Technological Advancement and Empowerment.” Objectives of the RDI Scheme Encourage private sector participation in R&D. Finance transformative projects with higher technology readiness. Support the acquisition of critical technologies. Facilitate a Deep-Tech Fund of Funds. Institutional and Policy Framework India's innovation journey is guided by a strong institutional framework and forward-looking policy measures aimed at making India a global hub for research, innovation, and entrepreneurship. Anusandhan National Research Foundation (ANRF) The Anusandhan National Research Foundation (ANRF) is established to strengthen scientific research and promote private participation. UPSC Relevance This article is highly relevant for the UPSC Civil Services Exam, particularly for GS Paper III (Science and Technology, Economy) and GS Paper II (Government Policies and Interventions) . It highlights government initiatives to boost R&D, which is crucial for economic growth and technological advancement. The RDI scheme and ESTIC are important examples of such initiatives. Potential Questions Discuss the key features and objectives of the RDI scheme and its potential impact on India's R&D landscape. Evaluate the role of government policies in promoting innovation and technological advancement in India, with specific reference to the ESTIC. Analyze the trends in India's R&D expenditure and its implications for achieving Viksit Bharat@2047.