Overview
The Chandrayaan-2 continues to yield scientific returns six years after launch. Using its DFSAR, scientists from the PRL have identified radar signatures that point to possible subsurface ice in four doubly‑shadowed craters of the lunar south pole.
Key Developments
- Radar analysis shows CPR values > 1 together with DOP 0.13 in the studied craters.
- The most compelling evidence comes from a 1.1 km crater inside the larger Faustini crater, which also displays a lobate‑rim morphology suggesting an impact into ice‑rich substrate.
- Temperatures in the examined permanently shadowed regions (PSRs) remain around ‑25 K, creating conditions that can preserve water‑ice over geological timescales.
Important Facts
• PSRs are ideal for long‑term ice preservation.
• The radar‑based criterion (CPR > 1 and DOP < 0.13) provides a more reliable method to differentiate ice from rocky terrain.
• The findings enhance our understanding of lunar polar volatiles, a key resource for future missions.
Exam Relevance
These results intersect with several UPSC syllabus areas. In GS3, they illustrate the application of remote‑sensing technology and the strategic importance of space exploration. In GS2, they underscore India’s policy direction under ISRO for sustainable lunar activities. The potential of ISRU ties directly to future crewed missions and international cooperation.
Way Forward
• Expand radar surveys to map ice distribution across the entire lunar south pole.
• Integrate findings with upcoming missions (e.g., Artemis, Chandrayaan‑3) to identify landing sites for ISRU experiments.
• Formulate policy frameworks that promote technology transfer and commercial exploitation of lunar resources, ensuring compliance with international space law.