Overview
The Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEFCC) answered a Rajya Sabha query on how water is used in artificial intelligence (AI) data centres. The reply outlines when an EC is needed, the water‑related safeguards, and the role of other ministries and agencies.
Key Developments
- AI data centres are not automatically covered by the EIA Notification, 2006. However, large‑scale projects classified as “Building and Construction” (built‑up area > 20,000 sq m) or “Township and Area Development” (area ≥ 50 ha or built‑up ≥ 150,000 sq m) must obtain EC from the SEIAA.
- During EC appraisal, authorities examine freshwater availability, water‑balance reports, grey‑water generation, and recycling plans, especially in water‑stressed regions.
- Water use and discharge are regulated under the Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974 and the Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981. State Pollution Control Boards monitor compliance.
- Groundwater extraction for such projects follows guidelines of the Ministry of Jal Shakti (Notification S.O. 3289(E), 24‑09‑2020, amended 29‑03‑2023).
- The BEE issued the District Cooling Guidelines, 2023, urging the use of treated water for cooling‑tower make‑up water and promoting water‑efficient cooling technologies for data centres.
- The Resilience, Innovation & Efficiency Working Group of the India AI Impact Summit (set up by the Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology) will examine energy efficiency, water management and environmental resilience of AI infrastructure.
Important Facts
- EC is required only for AI data centres that meet the size thresholds in Item 8(a) or 8(b) of the EIA schedule.
- State‑level bodies (SPCB or Pollution Control Committee) monitor water‑use standards and wastewater discharge.
- Guidelines promote reuse of grey‑water and treated water, reducing dependence on freshwater.
- Groundwater extraction must be in line with the 2020‑2023 Jal Shakti notifications, ensuring sustainable withdrawal.
Exam Relevance
This development touches upon several GS papers. GS 1 (Environment & Ecology) – understanding EIA, EC, and water‑resource regulations. GS 3 (Economy & Energy) – role of BEE and energy‑efficient cooling in digital infrastructure. GS 2 (Polity) – inter‑ministerial coordination (MoEFCC, Jal Shakti, MeitY) and the functioning of statutory bodies like SEIAA and SPCB. GS 4 (Ethics) – sustainable development and responsible use of natural resources.
Way Forward
- States should develop clear guidelines for grey‑water recycling specific to AI data centres.
- Central agencies need to publish a consolidated handbook linking EIA thresholds with water‑management standards.
- Regular audits by SPCBs can ensure compliance with the Water and Air Acts.
- Encourage adoption of BEE’s cooling‑tower recommendations through incentives or mandatory norms.
- Monitor the outcomes of the AI Impact Summit Working Group and integrate its recommendations into future policy drafts.