Key Highlights of the SIPRI Arms‑Transfer Report (2021‑25) The latest SIPRI analysis reveals that the volume of major arms transferred between states rose by 9.2 % in the five‑year period 2021‑25 compared with 2016‑20 – the steepest increase since 2011‑15. Europe’s imports surged by more than three‑fold, while India emerged as the world’s second‑largest importer. Key Developments (2021‑25) Global arms‑transfer volume up 9.2 % over the previous five‑year window. 66 states identified as suppliers of major arms; the top five (USA, France, Russia, Germany, China) accounted for 70 % of all exports. USA’s exports grew 27 % , giving it a 42 % share of global arms exports. Russia’s share fell from 21 % to 6.8 % , a decline of 64 % – the only top‑10 supplier with a drop. Europe recorded the largest share of global arms imports for the first time since the 1960s – 33 % of total imports. India ranked **second** in imports with an 8.2 % share; its imports fell 4 % year‑on‑year, reflecting growing indigenous capability. Top three suppliers to India: Russia (**40 %**), France (**29 %**), Israel (**15 %**). Important Facts & Figures • Total recipients identified: 162 states + 4 non‑state armed groups. • Leading importers: Ukraine (9.7 %) , India (8.2 %), Saudi Arabia, Qatar, Pakistan – together they account for 35 % of global imports. • Regional import shares: Europe 33 %, Asia‑Oceania 31 %, Middle East 26 %, Americas 5.6 %, Africa 4.3 %. UPSC Relevance The data illustrate shifting geopolitical alignments – a crucial theme for GS 2 (Polity & International Relations) and GS 3 (Economy & Defence) . Understanding the TIV methodology helps answer questions on how arms‑trade statistics are compiled. India’s move away from Russian dependence toward Western suppliers is relevant for questions on defence procurement, ‘Make‑in‑India’, and strategic autonomy. Way Forward for India Accelerate indigenous R&D to further reduce reliance on imports. Deepen strategic partnerships with France, Israel and the USA for technology transfer. Strengthen export potential – India could become a net exporter in niche segments (e.g., UAVs, missiles). Monitor regional arms‑import trends, especially in South‑Asia, to inform security‑policy decisions. Overall, the SIPRI report underscores a resurgence in global arms trade, a realignment of supplier‑recipient relationships, and the growing importance of self‑reliance for India’s defence sector.