Overview
The CPEC is reshaping security calculations for India. Simultaneously, the long‑standing partnership with Bhutan exemplifies the Neighbourhood First approach. Both issues illustrate how infrastructure, geography and diplomacy intersect in UPSC‑relevant topics.
Key Developments
- 2025‑26: China and Pakistan expanded the Gwadar Port under CPEC, while India secured access to Chabahar Port and the Omani Duqm.
- India’s diplomatic push led to a 2025 defence MoU with Sri Lanka, ensuring ports are not used against Indian security.
- Bhutan’s energy sector grew with the Mangdechhu and Kholongchhu projects, deepening economic interdependence.
- India’s maritime doctrine SAGAR and the Quad have been invoked to counterbalance China’s “String of Pearls”.
Important Facts
• CPEC began in 2015 and traverses the disputed PoK, violating India’s claim of sovereignty.
• The Karakoram Highway, a vital artery of CPEC, passes through Gilgit‑Baltistan, intensifying security concerns for India’s northern frontier.
• Bhutan supplies over 90 % of India’s hydro‑electric power imports, while India provides over 80 % of Bhutan’s foreign aid and investment.
Exam Relevance
Both topics cut across multiple GS papers. CPEC touches on GS2 (international relations, security, and connectivity), GS3 (infrastructure financing, trade routes) and GS4 (ethical dimensions of sovereignty). Bhutan’s partnership illustrates GS2 (neighbourhood policy), GS3 (hydropower economics), and GS1 (historical ties and treaty frameworks).
Way Forward
India should continue to:
- Strengthen alternative corridors such as IMEC and expand SAGAR to ensure sea‑lane security.
- Deepen energy cooperation with Bhutan, fast‑tracking more hydropower projects and digital initiatives.
- Leverage multilateral platforms like the Quad to present a united front against coercive infrastructure projects.
Balancing diplomatic engagement with strategic preparedness will enable India to protect its territorial integrity while fostering stable neighbourhood ties.