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Supreme Court‑Mandated Translocation of Asiatic Lions to Kuno Stalled – Policy Impasse and Conservation Security

India’s Asiatic lion population has grown to about 891, but all individuals remain in Gujarat’s Gir Forest. Despite a 2013 Supreme Court order to relocate some lions to Kuno National Park, political resistance has stalled the move, leaving the species vulnerable to disease or disaster. Establishing a second, distant population is essential for long‑term conservation security, a key lesson for UPSC aspirants on environmental governance and policy implementation.
Overview India’s Asiatic lion population has risen from a few dozen in the early 1900s to approximately 891 today. The growth is hailed as a conservation success, but the species remains confined to a single landscape – the Gir Forest . Scientific bodies, the judiciary and the central government have repeatedly warned that without a second, geographically separate population the lions are vulnerable to a single catastrophic event. Key Developments 15 April 2013 : The Supreme Court ordered translocation of a portion of the lion herd to Kuno National Park (MP). 2018: An outbreak of Canine Distemper Virus killed several lions in Gir, underscoring disease risk. 2020: The government launched Project Lion to revive discussions on a second habitat. 2024‑2026: Despite habitat preparation at Kuno, no lions have been moved; Gujarat continues to oppose relocation. Important Facts The Wildlife Institute of India has, since the 1980s, warned that a single‑site population faces extinction from epidemics, forest fires, droughts or sudden prey decline. The scientific consensus recommends a metapopulation approach , where sub‑populations are isolated enough to prevent simultaneous loss. Proposed alternatives such as the Barda Wildlife Sanctuary are geographically close to Gir and therefore do not meet the risk‑diversification criterion. A truly separate site must be far enough to block disease spread and natural disasters across both
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Key Insight

Supreme Court lion‑relocation order stalled, exposing policy‑environment clash

Key Facts

  1. India में Asiatic lion जनसंख्या लगभग 891 (2026) है।
  2. Supreme Court ने 15 April 2013 को एक lion समूह को Kuno में स्थानांतरित करने का आदेश दिया।
  3. 2018 में canine distemper के प्रकोप ने Gir में कई शेरों की मृत्यु कर दी, जिससे रोग जोखिम स्पष्ट हुआ।
  4. Project Lion (2020) ने दूसरे lion आवास के लिए धक्का फिर से शुरू किया।
  5. Kuno National Park (Madhya Pradesh) तैयार है, लेकिन Gujarat इस कदम का विरोध करता है (2024‑2026)।
  6. Wildlife Institute of India 1980 के दशक से चेतावनी देता है कि एकल‑स्थल जनसंख्या रोग, आग या सूखे से विलुप्ति का जोखिम रखती है।
  7. Conservation experts एक metapopulation दृष्टिकोण की सिफारिश करते हैं – अलग, आत्म‑निर्भर उप‑जनसंख्याएँ।

Background

India’s lion recovery is a success story, but keeping all animals in one forest makes them vulnerable to a single disaster. The issue links environmental science (metapopulation theory) with governance (court orders, state‑center relations) and policy implementation.

UPSC Syllabus

  • GS3 — Biodiversity and its Conservation
  • GS3 — Conservation, environmental pollution and degradation
  • Prelims_GS — National Current Affairs
  • Prelims_GS — Ecology and Biodiversity
  • GS1 — Population and Associated Issues
  • Essay — Environment and Sustainability
  • GS3 — Environmental Impact Assessment
  • GS2 — Government policies and interventions for development
  • Prelims_CSAT — Decision Making
  • Prelims_GS — Constitution and Political System

Mains Angle

Use this case to answer GS‑3 questions on biodiversity conservation strategies and the role of institutions in enforcing environmental mandates; a typical question may ask about challenges in implementing the Supreme Court’s wildlife orders.

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Overview

Full Article

Overview

India’s Asiatic lion population has risen from a few dozen in the early 1900s to approximately 891 today. The growth is hailed as a conservation success, but the species remains confined to a single landscape – the Gir Forest. Scientific bodies, the judiciary and the central government have repeatedly warned that without a second, geographically separate population the lions are vulnerable to a single catastrophic event.

Key Developments

  • 15 April 2013: The Supreme Court ordered translocation of a portion of the lion herd to Kuno National Park (MP).
  • 2018: An outbreak of Canine Distemper Virus killed several lions in Gir, underscoring disease risk.
  • 2020: The government launched Project Lion to revive discussions on a second habitat.
  • 2024‑2026: Despite habitat preparation at Kuno, no lions have been moved; Gujarat continues to oppose relocation.

Important Facts

The Wildlife Institute of India has, since the 1980s, warned that a single‑site population faces extinction from epidemics, forest fires, droughts or sudden prey decline. The scientific consensus recommends a metapopulation approach, where sub‑populations are isolated enough to prevent simultaneous loss.

Proposed alternatives such as the Barda Wildlife Sanctuary are geographically close to Gir and therefore do not meet the risk‑diversification criterion. A truly separate site must be far enough to block disease spread and natural disasters across both

Read Original on hindu

Supreme Court lion‑relocation order stalled, exposing policy‑environment clash

Key Facts

  1. India में Asiatic lion जनसंख्या लगभग 891 (2026) है।
  2. Supreme Court ने 15 April 2013 को एक lion समूह को Kuno में स्थानांतरित करने का आदेश दिया।
  3. 2018 में canine distemper के प्रकोप ने Gir में कई शेरों की मृत्यु कर दी, जिससे रोग जोखिम स्पष्ट हुआ।
  4. Project Lion (2020) ने दूसरे lion आवास के लिए धक्का फिर से शुरू किया।
  5. Kuno National Park (Madhya Pradesh) तैयार है, लेकिन Gujarat इस कदम का विरोध करता है (2024‑2026)।
  6. Wildlife Institute of India 1980 के दशक से चेतावनी देता है कि एकल‑स्थल जनसंख्या रोग, आग या सूखे से विलुप्ति का जोखिम रखती है।
  7. Conservation experts एक metapopulation दृष्टिकोण की सिफारिश करते हैं – अलग, आत्म‑निर्भर उप‑जनसंख्याएँ।

Background & Context

India’s lion recovery is a success story, but keeping all animals in one forest makes them vulnerable to a single disaster. The issue links environmental science (metapopulation theory) with governance (court orders, state‑center relations) and policy implementation.

UPSC Syllabus Connections

GS3•Biodiversity and its ConservationGS3•Conservation, environmental pollution and degradationPrelims_GS•National Current AffairsPrelims_GS•Ecology and BiodiversityGS1•Population and Associated IssuesEssay•Environment and SustainabilityGS3•Environmental Impact AssessmentGS2•Government policies and interventions for developmentPrelims_CSAT•Decision MakingPrelims_GS•Constitution and Political System

Mains Answer Angle

Use this case to answer GS‑3 questions on biodiversity conservation strategies and the role of institutions in enforcing environmental mandates; a typical question may ask about challenges in implementing the Supreme Court’s wildlife orders.

Analysis

Related PYQs

No related PYQs linked to this article yet.

Practice Questions

GS3
Easy
Prelims MCQ

Environmental governance – judicial orders

1 marks
5 keywords
GS3
Medium
Mains Short Answer

Conservation biology – metapopulation concept

5 marks
5 keywords
GS3
Hard
Mains Essay / Case Study

Environmental policy – inter‑state coordination and institutional roles

20 marks
6 keywords
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