Overview
On 5 November 2001, the UNGA proclaimed 6 November as the International Day for Preventing the Exploitation of the Environment in War and Armed Conflict. The day highlights that wars damage ecosystems, deplete natural resources and leave a legacy that can affect future generations beyond national borders.
Key Developments
- The International Law Commission (ILC) released the report titled PERAC in 2022.
- The ILC drafted 27 draft principles which the UNGA formally noted on 7 December 2022.
- Principle 1 of PERAC states that the rules apply before, during and after any armed conflict, and also in situations of occupation.
- The ongoing conflict in Gaza places Israel under scrutiny, as its actions may constitute genocide and also trigger responsibility for environmental harm under the PERAC principles.
Important Facts
• The International Day was created to draw attention to long‑term ecological damage caused by warfare.
• PERAC’s 27 principles cover protection of air, water, soil, biodiversity and cultural heritage.
• The principles obligate occupying powers to prevent environmental degradation and to remediate damage after hostilities cease.
Exam Relevance
Understanding these developments is vital for GS 2 (International Relations & Law) and GS 1 (Modern History). The link between armed conflict and environmental security illustrates the interdisciplinary nature of contemporary security studies. Questions may ask about the legal basis for environmental protection in war, the role of the UNGA and ILC, or the implications of occupation‑related duties for states like Israel.
Way Forward
- States should incorporate the PERAC principles into national legislation and military manuals.
- International mechanisms must monitor compliance, especially in occupied territories.
- Post‑conflict reconstruction should prioritize ecological restoration alongside humanitarian aid.
- UPSC aspirants should track how emerging norms on environmental protection influence future treaties and peace‑building efforts.