India’s Push for Electric Mobility – Policy Updates & Key Concepts India is intensifying its shift to EV technology. The Delhi government plans to broaden road‑tax and registration‑fee exemptions, currently limited to BEV , to include HEV and PHEV . Simultaneously, the Union Government is rolling out flagship schemes to spur manufacturing, adoption and infrastructure. Key Developments (Bullet Summary) Delhi’s upcoming EV policy will extend tax benefits to HEV and PHEV alongside existing BEV incentives. Target: 30% EV penetration by 2030 in line with the global EV30@30 initiative; carbon‑intensity reduction to below 45% by 2030 and net‑zero by 2070. Fiscal push through PLI‑Auto covering 14 sectors, mandating ≥50% domestic value addition. Launch of PM E‑Drive on 1 Oct 2024, providing subsidies for EV purchase and critical charging stations. Introduction of e‑AMRIT portal for transparent information on EV adoption. Roll‑out of IEMI to rank states; Delhi, Maharashtra and Chandigarh lead as ‘Frontrunners’. Types of Electric Vehicles – Quick Reference BEV : Fully electric, no ICE, highest efficiency. PHEV : Starts in electric mode; once battery depletes, ICE takes over. HEV : Engine and motor work together; battery charged only by engine. FCEV : Uses hydrogen fuel; range and refuelling comparable to conventional vehicles. UPSC Relevance The EV ecosystem intersects with multiple GS papers: GS‑3 (Environment, Energy & Technology) for climate‑change mitigation, GS‑2 (Polity) for policy formulation and inter‑governmental coordination, and GS‑1 (Geography & Resources) for assessing regional readiness. Understanding incentive mechanisms like PLI and the role of think‑tanks such as NITI Aayog is essential for answer‑writing in both prelims and mains. Way Forward For aspirants, focus on: Tracking state‑wise performance via the IEMI and linking it to policy outcomes. Analyzing the impact of tax exemptions on vehicle adoption patterns, especially in metro cities like Delhi. Evaluating the scalability of PM E‑Drive against earlier schemes (FAME, EMPS). Assessing hydrogen infrastructure requirements for FCEV deployment. Mastering these concepts will enable candidates to answer questions on technology, policy, and sustainability with precision.