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PRELIMS
The Preliminary Examination — the first stage of the UPSC Civil Services Examination. It consists of two objective-type (MCQ) papers: General Studies Paper I (200 marks) and CSAT Paper II (qualifying). Only Paper I marks count for merit.
The three-tier system of local self-governance in rural India (73rd Amendment, 1992) comprising Gram Panchayat, Panchayat Samiti, and Zila Parishad with constitutionally mandated elections.
A legally binding international climate treaty (2015) under the UNFCCC committing nations to limit global warming to well below 2°C. India pledged net-zero emissions by 2070.
Public Interest Litigation — a judicial mechanism allowing any citizen to file a petition in the High Court or Supreme Court on behalf of the public interest, even without personal grievance.
The scientific theory that Earth's lithosphere is divided into large plates that move, float, and interact, causing earthquakes, volcanic activity, and mountain formation.
Pradhan Mantri Kisan Samman Nidhi — a central government scheme providing ₹6,000 per year in three instalments directly to the bank accounts of small and marginal farmer families.
Imposition of direct central government rule in a state (Article 356) when the constitutional machinery fails. The state assembly is suspended or dissolved and the Governor administers the state.
A constitutional writ (Article 32/226) issued by a higher court to a lower court or tribunal to prevent it from exceeding its jurisdiction or usurping jurisdiction it does not possess.