The Wayanad Wildlife Sanctuary in Kerala continues to host around 80 vultures , indicating a stable population despite a recent dip in breeding success. Experts attribute this resilience to the sanctuary’s healthy ecosystem, abundant grasslands called vayals , and the absence of toxic veterinary drugs. Key Developments Latest surveys recorded ~80 vultures in the sanctuary, with occasional sightings of 70 birds feeding on a single carcass . Breeding activity has declined; historic nesting sites such as Ayyappanpara, Kazhukankolli and Kaithallam are now vacant. Absence of harmful NSAIDs like diclofenac and aceclofenac has helped maintain populations. Human disturbances and invasive plants, notably invasive species such as Senna , threaten nesting trees. Conservationists highlight the role of protected areas like Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve in sustaining vulture numbers. Important Facts Vultures are obligate aerial scavengers . The sanctuary’s less dense forests interspersed with ~170 vayals provide open feeding grounds, attracting herbivores like deer, gaur, elephants and wild boar, which in turn support predators and scavengers. Species observed include the common white‑rumped vulture , along with red‑headed and Indian vultures . Occasional migrants such as the Himalayan griffon , cinereous and Egyptian vulture have also been sighted. According to C.K. Vishnudas , director of the Hume Centre for Ecology and Wildlife Biology , the ban on toxic drugs is a decisive factor behind the stable numbers in protected zones like Wayanad, Bandipur, Nagarhole, Satyamangalam and Mudumalai. UPSC Relevance Understanding vulture ecology links to several GS topics: biodiversity conservation (GS4), the impact of pharmaceutical pollutants on wildlife (GS4), and the role of protected areas in sustaining ecosystems (GS4). The case underscores the importance of policy interventions—such as the ban on diclofenac —and highlights challenges posed by human‑induced habitat changes. Way Forward Conduct focused research to pinpoint causes of breeding decline in Wayanad. Implement habitat management: restore native tree species, control invasive plants , and minimize human disturbances near nesting sites. Strengthen monitoring of carcass availability and vulture health to ensure continued population stability. Promote community awareness about the ecological role of vultures and the dangers of illegal drug use in livestock.