Overview The Human Rights Watch (HRW) released a detailed report on 2 April 2026 documenting massive civilian casualties in Burkina Faso since the September 2022 coup. The study attributes at least 1,837 civilian deaths to the combined actions of the army, the Volunteers for the Defense of the Homeland (VDP) , and the jihadist coalition Group for the Support of Islam and Muslims (JNIM) . The report calls for a preliminary examination by the International Criminal Court (ICC) into war crimes and crimes against humanity. Key Developments Between January 2023 and August 2025, the army and VDP were responsible for 1,255 civilian deaths in 33 incidents. JNIM accounted for at least 582 civilian deaths in 24 attacks during the same period. The deadliest single episode occurred in December 2023 when army forces and VDP killed hundreds of civilians across 16 villages north of Djibo. In August 2024, JNIM killed 133 people and injured over 200 in Barsalogho within two hours. HRW urges investigation of Captain Ibrahim Traoré and six senior officials for command responsibility . Important Facts The report is based on open‑source verification—photos, videos, satellite imagery—and interviews with more than 450 residents of Burkina Faso and neighboring countries (Benin, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Mali). Survivors described the December 2023 massacre as “ butchery ,” noting lasting psychological trauma. HRW also highlights JNIM’s pattern of targeting civilians who refuse to submit to its authority or are suspected of supporting government forces. UPSC Relevance Understanding this conflict is crucial for several GS papers: GS 2 (Polity & International Relations) : The dynamics of a military junta, civilian militias, and non‑state armed groups illustrate challenges to state authority and governance. GS 4 (Security & Strategic Affairs) : The Sahel insurgency, cross‑border jihadist networks, and the role of regional cooperation are key security concerns. GS 3 (International Relations) : The call for ICC intervention underscores the interface between national conflicts and international legal mechanisms. GS 5 (Ethics & Integrity) : The principle of command responsibility raises ethical questions about accountability of political and military leaders. Way Forward HRW recommends the following actions: Immediate ICC preliminary examination of alleged war crimes by all parties since September 2022. Targeted investigations of Captain Ibrahim Traoré , senior defence officials, and JNIM leadership for criminal liability. International donors and partners should consider sanctions on the Burkina Faso army and suspend security cooperation until accountability mechanisms are in place. Strengthen civilian protection mechanisms, including community‑based early warning systems and independent monitoring bodies. Addressing impunity and ensuring justice are essential to break the cycle of violence and restore civilian confidence in state institutions.