Overview The Supreme Court on 21 March 2026 expressed its intent to hold state officials from Rajasthan , Madhya Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh vicariously liable for the degradation of wildlife habitats in the National Chambal Sanctuary . The bench, comprising Justices Vikram Nath and Justice Sandeep Mehta , is hearing a suo motu case concerning rampant illegal sand mining . Key Developments The Court will consider imposing vicarious liability on state officials for failure to curb sand mining. Petitioners allege that the officials’ "lethargy and inaction" have led to irreversible damage to the sanctuary’s wildlife habitat . The bench has directed the concerned state governments to submit a detailed action plan within four weeks. Important Facts The sanctuary spans parts of Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh, covering approximately 500 sq km . Over the past two years, satellite imagery shows a 30% increase in sand extraction sites, leading to riverbank erosion and loss of nesting grounds for the critically endangered Gharial . The Supreme Court’s intervention follows multiple complaints filed by environmental NGOs and local communities. UPSC Relevance This case touches upon several core areas of the UPSC syllabus: Environmental Governance : Role of judiciary in enforcing environmental laws (e.g., Wildlife Protection Act, 1972 ). Federal Structure : Interaction between central judiciary and state executive machinery. Legal Concepts : Understanding of vicarious liability and suo motu powers. Conservation Challenges : Impact of unregulated mining on river ecosystems and biodiversity. Way Forward For aspirants, it is essential to monitor the Court’s final order and subsequent state actions. Key steps likely to be recommended include: Strengthening the enforcement machinery of the State Forest Departments and Water Resources Boards . Introducing a transparent licensing regime for sand extraction, with periodic audits. Community‑based monitoring through People’s Courts or local NGOs. Integrating the sanctuary’s management plan with the National River Conservation Plan . Understanding this development helps candidates answer questions on environmental jurisprudence, federal‑state relations, and sustainable resource management.