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PLATE_TECTONICS
The scientific theory that Earth's lithosphere is divided into large plates that move, float, and interact, causing earthquakes, volcanic activity, and mountain formation.
The three-tier system of local self-governance in rural India (73rd Amendment, 1992) comprising Gram Panchayat, Panchayat Samiti, and Zila Parishad with constitutionally mandated elections.
A legally binding international climate treaty (2015) under the UNFCCC committing nations to limit global warming to well below 2°C. India pledged net-zero emissions by 2070.
Public Interest Litigation — a judicial mechanism allowing any citizen to file a petition in the High Court or Supreme Court on behalf of the public interest, even without personal grievance.
Pradhan Mantri Kisan Samman Nidhi — a central government scheme providing ₹6,000 per year in three instalments directly to the bank accounts of small and marginal farmer families.
The Preliminary Examination — the first stage of the UPSC Civil Services Examination. It consists of two objective-type (MCQ) papers: General Studies Paper I (200 marks) and CSAT Paper II (qualifying). Only Paper I marks count for merit.
Imposition of direct central government rule in a state (Article 356) when the constitutional machinery fails. The state assembly is suspended or dissolved and the Governor administers the state.
A constitutional writ (Article 32/226) issued by a higher court to a lower court or tribunal to prevent it from exceeding its jurisdiction or usurping jurisdiction it does not possess.